Metallic ions released from stainless steel, nickel-free, and titanium orthodontic alloys: Toxicity and DNA damage

Superior Pre-Osteoblast Cell Response of Etched Ultrafine-Grained Titanium with a Controlled Crystallographic Orientation

“…Thus, pure Ti has gained much attention in academia and medical industries due to its non-toxicity and superior mechanical properties2. Pure Ti has good fatigue resistance and a relatively low elastic modulus which can reduce the shielding stress in an implant45.…”

Cytomorphometric analysis on the effects of components of orthodontic appliances on the epithelial cells of the buccal mucosa

“…[24] Moreover, these cells have limited potential to repair DNA, hence, they are more suitable to reveal genome instability. [25] The micronucleus is a small extranuclear DNA formed when chromosome fragment or acentric chromosomes lag behind and fails to be included in the main nuclei of daughter cells during anaphase of cell cycle. [26] Micronuclei formation occurs in the progenitor cells of the epithelium during mitosis and is reflected in the exfoliated epithelial cells as chromosomal damage.…”

In vivo determination of aluminum, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, titanium and vanadium in oral mucosa cells from orthodontic patients with mini-implants by Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

“…There are numerous in vitro studies that have demonstrated the release of metals from orthodontic alloys [1,[16][17][18] which have been revised by Mikulewicz et al, [19]. Recently, these authors have evaluated the release of some metals (nickel, chromium, copper) from fixed orthodontic appliances in vitro in a continuous-flow system [20].…”

“…Several oral clinical manifestations in orthodontic treatment are associated with corrosion products and ion release from the appliances employed [1]. Saliva acts as an electrolyte for electron and ion conduction, and the fluctuation of pH and temperature, the enzymatic and microbial activity, and the various chemicals introduced into the oral cavity through food and drink are all corrosion conductors [2].…”

“…The release of elements from dental casting alloys in different matrices has been mainly measured using either Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) [25][26], Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) [16,27], or Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [1,[28][29][30]. For many elements, the power of detection of ICP-OES is not sufficient to determine elemental background Page 5 of 39 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t concentrations.…”