Acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) catalyzes the reversible condensation of CO, CoA, and a methyl-cation to form acetyl-CoA at a unique Ni,Ni-[4Fe4S] cluster (the A-cluster). However, it was unknown which proteins support the assembly of the A-cluster. We analyzed the product of a gene from the cluster containing the ACS gene, cooC2 from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans, named AcsF Ch , and showed that it acts as a maturation factor of ACS. AcsF Ch and inactive ACS form a stable 2:1 complex that binds two nickel ions with higher affinity than the individual components. The nickel-bound ACS-AcsF Ch complex remains inactive until MgATP is added, thereby converting inactive to active ACS. AcsF Ch is a MinD-type ATPase and belongs to the CooC protein family, which can be divided into homologous subgroups. We propose that proteins of one subgroup are responsible for assembling the Ni,Ni-[4Fe4S] cluster of ACS, whereas proteins of a second subgroup mature the [Ni4Fe4S] cluster of carbon monoxide dehydrogenases.The cellular maturation of metalloenzymes, previously considered a spontaneous process in vivo, typically depends on a machinery of uptake, storage, processing, and delivery factors (1). How metalloenzymes mature has been investigated for some systems, revealing surprisingly complex maturation pathways (2-8). Enzymes containing nickel, although still relatively small in number, play critical roles in archaea, bacteria, and eukarya, through which they impact the global hydrogen (Ni,Fe-hydrogenase), nitrogen (urease), and carbon (acetylCoA synthase, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and methylCoM reductase) cycles (9). For most of these enzymes, we now have a good understanding of how nickel is incorporated into the active site (8, 10).The nickel-enzymes acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) 2 and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) are found in a variety of anaerobic microbes, including bacterial sulfate reducers, acetogens, and hydrogenogens, as well as archaeal methanogens and sulfate reducers, where they act as the prime CO 2 and CO converter (11)(12)(13)(14). ACS and CODH can be found as independent monofunctional enzymes in Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans (15) but are typically found in other microorganisms as protein complexes: in acetogens ACS and CODH form a bifunctional (␣) 2 complex, whereas in methanogens they are part of a large (␣␥␦⑀) 8 multienzyme complex (11,13,15,16). CODHs catalyze the reversible reduction of CO 2 to CO at the C-cluster, in which a single nickel ion, embedded within a 3Fe-4S scaffold with an additional iron in exo, binds and activates CO and CO 2 for turnover (17)(18)(19). ACS catalyzes the reversible condensation of CO, CoA, and a methyl-cation donated by the methylated corrinoid iron-sulfur protein to form acetyl-CoA (13). ACS depends on a Ni,Ni-[4Fe4S] cluster (also called A-cluster) for activity, in which the two nickel ions have distinct coordinations: the nickel ion distal to the [4Fe4S] cluster (Ni d ) is coordinated by two amide nitrogen atoms and two cysteine thiolates within a Cys-X-Cys ...