Metallurgy of high-silicon steel parts produced using Selective Laser Melting

Garibaldi, Michele; Ashcroft, Ian; Simonelli, Marco; Hague, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2016.03.037

Cited by 296 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Zhang et al (2013aZhang et al ( , 2013b found that the grain size could be coarsened by using higher laser scanning speeds, and it was proposed that the nucleation rate decreases with higher scanning speed as a result of a decrease in Marangoni flow. Garibaldi et al (2016) found that the grain morphology of printed parts was affected by the laser energy input, where a shallower melt pool shape led to coarser and more homogeneous grain morphology in Fe-6.9 wt % Si steel. The printed samples had a <001> type fiber texture, and the intensity of the texture increased with higher laser energy input.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The as-built microstructure consisted of fine equiaxed grains, not very typical for materials processed using LENS and other welding based processes for which columnar grains and epitaxial growth is more common. Materials investigated in association with L-PBF include Ni-Fe14-Cu5-Mo4 (Bauer et al, 2016), Fe-Ni (Zhang et al, 2013a(Zhang et al, , 2013b and Fe-6.9 wt% Si steel (Garibaldi et al, 2016(Garibaldi et al, , 2018a(Garibaldi et al, , 2018b, where the latter has been studied most extensively. Bauer et al (2016) used a re-melt scanning strategy and observed that it resulted in a more homogeneous microstructure compared to single scan strategy and increased porosity as well as grain size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Properties of soft magnetic Fe-Co-V alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion

Riipinen

Metsä-Kortelainen

Lindroos

et al. 2019

RPJ

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on the developments in manufacturing soft magnetic materials using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). Design/methodology/approach Ternary soft magnetic Fe-49Co-2V powder was produced by gas atomization and used in an L-PBF machine to produce samples for material characterization. The L-PBF process parameters were optimized for the material, using a design of experiments approach. The printed samples were exposed to different heat treatment cycles to improve the magnetic properties. The magnetic properties were measured with quasi-static direct current and alternating current measurements at different frequencies and magnetic flux densities. The mechanical properties were characterized with tensile tests. Electrical resistivity of the material was measured. Findings The optimized L-PBF process parameters resulted in very low porosity. The magnetic properties improved greatly after the heat treatments because of changes in microstructure. Based on the quasi-static DC measurement results, one of the heat treatment cycles led to magnetic saturation, permeability and coercivity values comparable to a commercial Fe-Co-V alloy. The other heat treatments resulted in abnormal grain growth and poor magnetic performance. The AC measurement results showed that the magnetic losses were relatively high in the samples owing to formation of eddy currents. Research limitations/implications The influence of L-PBF process parameters on the microstructure was not investigated; hence, understanding the relationship between process parameters, heat treatments and magnetic properties would require more research. Originality/value The relationship between microstructure, chemical composition, heat treatments, resistivity and magnetic/mechanical properties of L-PBF processed Fe-Co-V alloy has not been reported previously.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of soft magnetic Fe-Co-V alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion

Riipinen

Metsä-Kortelainen

Lindroos

et al. 2019

RPJ

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“…These include new magnetic and electrical materials [118,119], advanced modelling [120,121] and manufacturing processes [122,123], new thermal management techniques [124][125][126], high-speed systems [116] and better understanding of failure mechanisms [127,128]. The latter involves advancements in power electronics (e.g.…”

Section: ) Enabling Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Power Generation in Aircraft: Review, Challenges, and Opportunities

Madonna

Giangrande

Galea

2018

IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrific.

479

194

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Abstract-The constant growth of air traffic, the demand for performance optimization and the need for decreasing both operating and maintenance costs have encouraged the aircraft industry to move towards more electric solutions. As a result of this trend, electric power required on board of aircraft has significantly increased through the years, causing major changes in electric power system architectures. Considering this scenario, the paper gives a review about the evolution of electric power generation systems in aircraft. The major achievements are highlighted and the rationale behind some significant developments discussed. After a brief historical overview of the early DC generators (both wind-and engine-driven), the reasons which brought the definitive passage to the AC generation, for larger aircraft, are presented and explained. Several AC generation systems are investigated with particular attention being focused on the voltage levels and the generator technology. Further, examples of commercial aircraft implementing AC generation systems are provided. Finally, the trends towards modern generation systems are also considered giving prominence to their challenges and feasibility.

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“…The L‐PBF‐built X65MoCrWV3‐2 tool steel shows a heterogeneous microstructure, which is characterized by a hierarchical composition. Similar to other Fe‐based materials in the L‐PBF‐built condition, the investigated steel shows a fine subgrained microstructure consisting of cellular to columnar dendrites with relatively strong microsegregations in the interdendritic regions (Figure and a) . As determined by EDS measurements, mainly heavier elements, such as Mo, W, and V, segregate into the interdendritic spaces (Figure ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Processing of X65MoCrWV3‐2 Cold Work Tool Steel by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Boes

Röttger

Theisen

2019

steel research int.

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Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of forming tools has become of major interest in the tooling industry because of the high geometrical flexibility of this process. During L-PBF, a metallic powder bed is melted selectively by a laser beam, enabling the layer-wise manufacturing of parts from 3D computer-aided design data. The process is characterized by a locally and temporally unsteady heat flow in the solidified part and in the melt pool, causing nonequilibrium solidification and phase transformations. In addition, rapid heating and cooling occur, promoting the formation of microstructural defects, cold cracks, and distortion. Because of the high tendency to form cold cracks, processing of martensitic tool steels is still a challenging task. Tool steel X65MoCrWV3-2 is processed by L-PBF and the resulting microstructure and the associated local properties are investigated by microhardness measurements, nanoindentation, and scanning electron microscopy. It is gathered from the investigations that regions of different microstructures and mechanical properties on both micro-and macroscale are present in the L-PBF-densified steel. The different microstructures and properties are the result of the alternating heat insert at different temperature regimes, forming heat-affected zones in which the tempering processes are triggered and strongly varying properties are generated.

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Metallurgy of high-silicon steel parts produced using Selective Laser Melting

Cited by 296 publications

References 15 publications

Properties of soft magnetic Fe-Co-V alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion

Properties of soft magnetic Fe-Co-V alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion

Electrical Power Generation in Aircraft: Review, Challenges, and Opportunities

Processing of X65MoCrWV3‐2 Cold Work Tool Steel by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

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