Metals and polybrominated diphenyl ethers leaching from electronic waste in simulated landfills

Kiddee, Peeranart; Naidu, Ravi; Wong, Ming Hung

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.015

Cited by 68 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Samples were collected adjacent to waste deposit areas to obtain representative samples that would either migrate to surrounding areas or be treated in a sewage treatment plant. Reported PBDE levels were low relative to most reported elsewhere (Li, et al, 2012;Kiddee, et al, 2013). Oliaei (2005) conducted a leachate study in Minnesota to investigate PBDE contamination in five landfills and sewage treatment plants, finding a range of 24,620-260,420 pg/L total PBDEs in the landfills (Table 1).…”

Section: Previous Studies On Pbdes In Leachatementioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of PBDEs in Landfill Leachates from Across Canada

Danon-Schaffer

Grace

Ikonomou

2014

EMSD

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Leachates from 27 landfills (e.g. planned disposal area) across southern Canada and 11 dump sites (e.g. unorganized disposal area) in the Canadian North were collected (2006) and analysed (2006)(2007)(2008) for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). There was wide variability in the results, both in terms of the total PBDE concentrations and in the distribution of congeners. Northern sites tended to have lower concentrations than southern ones, but some northern levels were significant, despite the low population density and lack of industry in the north. The North could potentially act as a sink for PBDE contaminants because many organic compounds get deposited via air or water currents in the North even though they were not manufactured there.

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Section: Previous Studies On Pbdes In Leachatementioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of PBDEs in Landfill Leachates from Across Canada

Danon-Schaffer

Grace

Ikonomou

2014

EMSD

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“…The toxicity need not be limited to the metals, other materials are also responsible for adverse effects (Fishbein 2002). Disposal of mobile phones into landfill is a real possibility under the current business model which can result in leaching these materials and metals into the environment (Kiddee et al 2013;Lincoln et al 2007;Uryu et al 2003). The location of recycling will have an effect upon its eventual environmental impact (Soo and Doolan 2014;Wong et al 2007;Rochat et al 2007), and it is shown that governmental legislation plays an important role in the controls placed upon emissions.…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redefining scope: the true environmental impact of smartphones?

Suckling

Lee

2015

Int J Life Cycle Assess

101

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Purpose The aim of this study is to explore the literature surrounding the environmental impact of mobile phones and the implications of moving from the current business model of selling, using and discarding phones to a product service system based upon a cloud service. The exploration of the impacts relating to this shift and subsequent change in scope is explored in relation to the life cycle profile of a typical smartphone. Methods A literature study is conducted into the existing literature in order to define the characteristics of a Btypicalŝ martphone. Focus is given to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in different life cycle phases in line with that reported in the majority of literature. Usage patterns from literature are presented in order to show how a smartphone is increasingly responsible for not only data consumption but also data generation. The subsequent consequences of this for the balance of the life cycle phases are explored with the inclusion of wider elements in the potential expanded mobile infrastructure, such as servers and the network. Results and discussion From the available literature, the manufacturing phase is shown to dominate the life cycle of a Btypical^smartphone for GHG emissions. Smartphone users are shown to be increasingly reliant upon the internet for provision of their communications. Adding a server into the scope of a smartphone is shown to increase the use phase impact from 8.5 to 18.0 kg CO 2 -eq, other phases are less affected. Addition of the network increases the use phase by another 24.7 kg CO 2 -eq. In addition, it is shown that take-back of mobile phones is not effective at present and that prompt return of the phones could result in reduction in impact by best reuse potential and further reduction in toxic emissions through inappropriate disposal. Conclusions The way in which consumers interact with their phones is changing, leading to a system which is far more integrated with the internet. A product service system based upon a cloud service highlights the need for improved energy efficiency to make greatest reduction in GHG emissions in the use phase, and gives a mechanism to exploit residual value of the handsets by timely return of the phones, their components and recovery of materials.

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“…All boxes were covered with sawdust, to prevent the release of odorous gases and also to maintain moisture. Importantly, the content of e-waste in the composting mass was around 3.5 % of the mass, inferred based on Spalvins et al (2008), Kiddee et al (2013) and Li et al (2009). After blending the materials to be composted carefully, the boxes were placed in a well-ventilated area and covered to start the process.…”

Section: Preparation Of Boxes For Vermicompostingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have addressed the contamination of landfills by heavy metals from electronic waste, demonstrating a growing concern regarding the potential negative environmental impact of this type of waste (Spalvins et al, 2008;Li et al, 2009;Kiddee et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Bioavailability of Heavy Metals After Vermicomposting in the Presence of Electronic Waste

Damasceno

Reis

et al. 2015

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

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Heavy metals contained in electronic waste, if discarded improperly, can become bioavailable after vermicomposting, posing a risk to the environment. small-scale vermicomposting experiments were carried out with printed circuit boards (PCBs) to investigate the migration of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Sn) to the final compost, as well as the mobility and bioavailability of these metals. High total levels of Pb, sn and Cu in samples of manure with electronic waste (meW) and vegetables with electronic waste (veW) were detected. Based on the initial metal levels in the PCBs and their concentration in the resulting compost, the order of migration of these metals to the meW and veW samples was sn (23.1 %)>Pb (18.4 %)>ni (4.63 %)>Zn (0.46 %)>Cu (0.14 %) and sn (24.3 %)>Pb (23.6 %)>ni (11.33 %)>Zn (1.76 %)>Cu (0.60 %), respectively. mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the compost were evaluated by three-stage sequential extraction, where f1 was the exchangeable fraction, f2 the organic fraction and f3 the residual fraction. the bioavailability factor (Bf) was calculated by the ratio of the sum of fractions f1 and f2 divided by the total sum of the fractions (f1 + f2 + f3). the highest bioavailability factor (Bf = 0.92) was found for Pb, the heavy metal considered the greatest environmental concern in this study, indicating the high mobility and the possibility of becoming bioavailable of this metal.

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Metals and polybrominated diphenyl ethers leaching from electronic waste in simulated landfills

Cited by 68 publications

References 16 publications

Investigation of PBDEs in Landfill Leachates from Across Canada

Investigation of PBDEs in Landfill Leachates from Across Canada

Redefining scope: the true environmental impact of smartphones?

Assessment of Bioavailability of Heavy Metals After Vermicomposting in the Presence of Electronic Waste

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