Metals as toxicants in event-based expedited production of children’s jewelry

Gul, Anam; Gul, Dur-e-Shahwar; Shaikh, Melad

doi:10.1007/s11356-023-27620-y

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 41 publications

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“…Studies have been conducted on children’s toys (D. e. S. Gul et al 2022 ; Kang & Zhu 2015 ; Karas & Frankowski 2018 ; Negev et al 2018 ; Yazdanfar et al 2022 ), jewelry (A. Gul et al 2023 ; Hillyer et al 2014 ; Yost & Weidenhamer 2008 ), finger paints, watercolors, acrylic paints, crayons, (M. R. Khan et al 2021 ; Mračević et al 2022 ), and face paints (Rebelo et al 2015 ; Salles et al 2023 ). There are also studies on allergens (Lv et al 2013 ; Masuck et al 2010 , 2011 ; Rastogi et al 1999 ; Wang et al 2018 ), as well as organic chemicals (Guo et al 2018 ; Szczepańska et al 2018 ) used in toys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study for inorganic and organic profiling of toy makeup products: Estimating the potential threat to child health

Mercan,

Kilic,

Zengin

et al. 2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Inorganic elements are added to toys as impurities to give desired stability, brightness, flexibility, and color; however, these elements may cause numerous health issues after acute or chronic exposure. In this study, the inorganic profile of 14 elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, Sb, Pb, and Zn) in 63 toy makeup products was identified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after microwave acid digestion method. Additionally, organic allergen fragrance was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The systemic exposure dosage (SED), margin of safety (MoS), lifetime cancer risk (LCR), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard indices were used to assess the safety evaluation. Then, 57 out of 63 samples (90.48%) exceeded the limits at least for one toxic element with descending order Ni > Cr > Co > Pb > Sb > Cd > As > Hg. The SED values were compared with tolerable daily intake values and remarkably differences were found for Al and Pb. The MoS values for 57.15% of samples exceeded the limit value for Al, As, Cd, Co, Hg, Mn, Sb, and Zn elements. The LCR values were observed at 100% (n = 63), 79.37% (n = 50), 85.71% (n = 54), 77.78% (n = 49), and 18.87% (n = 10) for Cr, Ni, As, Pb, and Cd, respectively. Also, the skin sensitization risks were obtained for Cr and Ni at 26.980% (n = 17) and 9.52% (n = 6), respectively. The HQ values for 80% of samples were found to be ≥ 1 at least for one parameter. The investigation of fragrance allergens in samples did not show any significant ingredients. As a result, toy makeup products marketed in local stores were found to be predominantly unsafe. Children should be protected from harmful chemicals by regular monitoring and strict measures.

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