Metals of Deep Ocean Water Increase the Anti-Adipogenesis Effect of Monascus-Fermented Product via Modulating the Monascin and Ankaflavin Production

Abstract

Deep ocean water (DOW) obtained from a depth of more than 200 m includes abundant nutrients and minerals. DOW was proven to positively increase monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK) production and the anti-adipogenesis effect of Monascus-fermented red mold dioscorea (RMD). However, the influences that the major metals in DOW have on Monascus secondary metabolite biosynthesis and anti-adipogenesis remain unknown. Therefore, the major metals in DOW were used as the culture water to produce RMD. The secondary metabolites production and anti-adipogenesis effect of RMD cultured with various individual metal waters were investigated. In the results, the addition of water with Mg, Ca, Zn, and Fe increased MS and AK production and inhibited mycotoxin citrinin (CT). However, the positive influence may be contributed to the regulation of pigment biosynthesis. Furthermore, in the results of cell testing, higher lipogenesis inhibition was seen in the treatments of various ethanol extracts of RMD cultured with water containing Mg, K, Zn, and Fe than in those of RMD cultured with ultra-pure water. In conclusion, various individual metals resulted in different effects on MS and AK productions as well as the anti-adipogenesis effect of RMD, but the specific metals contained in DOW may cause synergistic or comprehensive effects that increase the significantly positive influence.

Multifaceted Applications of Microbial Pigments: Current Knowledge, Challenges and Future Directions for Public Health Implications

“…High fat diet (HFD) supplemented with the amine derivatives of monascus pigments, 4- phenylbutylamine (PBA) (2.5 µM), and 2-(p-toyly) ethylamine (TEA) (12.5µM) have demonstrated an inhibitory activity against adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1cells [128]. Metals present in deep ocean water are found to cause synergistic effects on the production of monascin and ankaflavin, and DOW with RMD shows a significant anti-adipogenesis effect [131].…”

Monascin and Ankaflavin of Monascus purpureus Prevent Alcoholic Liver Disease through Regulating AMPK-Mediated Lipid Metabolism and Enhancing Both Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Systems

“…In recent years, the secondary metabolites of red mold rice have been studied to further explore their functional compounds. Among them, the yellow pigments monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK) are proven as the functional compounds for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, fatty liver, and lipogenesis ( Figure 1 ) [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Furthermore, both MS and AK can achieve anti-inflammatory effects by reducing inflammatory factor levels [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Supplementary effect of whey components on the monascin productivity of Monascus sp.

“…Although many studies on the effect of minerals on Monascus yellow pigment production have been conducted using spectrophotometric analysis, 12,13,27 few studies have been concerned with specific monascin production analysis. Lung et al 33 have reported that the addition of Mg, Ca, Zn, or Fe to water increased monascin production when dioscorea was subjected to solid-state fermentation with M. purpureus. However, for monascin production of M. ruber NBRC 32318, the Ca and Mg in SMUF II showed no effect, or rather canceled the stimulation effect of SMUF I to yield production levels equal to the whole SMUF.…”