Metamaterial-based wireless strain sensors

Melik, Rohat; Ünal, Emre; Perkgöz, Nihan Kosku; Puttlitz, Christian M.; Demir, Hilmi Volkan

doi:10.1063/1.3162336

Cited by 158 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…[9][10][11][12][13] The present work expands upon those earlier laboratory validations, developing a fundamental understanding of the physical mechanisms that drive a metamaterial's strain-dependent electromagnetic properties. That understanding then enables the accurate reproduction of a metamaterial's full, complex permittivity and permeability curves, as a function of applied strain.…”

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confidence: 68%

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Equivalent circuit analysis of metamaterial strain-dependent effective medium parameters

Arritt

Smith

Khraishi

2011

Journal of Applied Physics

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In this paper, we analytically describe the strain-dependent effective medium properties for a metamaterial electric-LC (ELC) resonator, commonly used in metamaterial designs to provide a tailored electric response to electromagnetic waves. Combining an equivalent circuit model of the ELC resonator with existing analytic expressions for the capacitive and inductive regions comprising the structure, we obtain strain-dependent permittivity and permeability curves for the metamaterial. The derived expressions account for the effects of spatial dispersion and losses.

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confidence: 68%

“…Good agreement with the curve fit results was achieved by using one skin-depth at resonance to calculate the cross-sectional area of the conductor in Eq. (9).…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Equivalent circuit analysis of metamaterial strain-dependent effective medium parameters

Arritt

Smith

Khraishi

2011

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Although the periodic structures of SRRs (Lee et al, 2006;Melik et al, 2009;Papasimakis et al, 2010) have been used for biosensing and telemetric sensing of surface strains, etc. The above simulation results demonstrate that the stacked SRRs can also be used in dielectric sensing.…”

Section: Microwave Sensor Based On Stacked Srrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Sensor Using Metamaterials

Huang¹,

Yang²

2011

Wave Propagation

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“…Mechanical strain is by definition, a deformation of the geometry of a structure. Since metamaterials rely so heavily on geometry for the desired response, it implies a direct causal relationship between applied strain and electromagnetic performance.Previous efforts investigated the strain 6 and temperature 7 dependent response of magnetic resonant elements; Melik et al 6 even proposes using metamaterials as wireless strain gauges. Our efforts focused on a critical missing piece, the electric-LC resonator, depicted in Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous efforts investigated the strain 6 and temperature 7 dependent response of magnetic resonant elements; Melik et al 6 even proposes using metamaterials as wireless strain gauges. Our efforts focused on a critical missing piece, the electric-LC resonator, depicted in Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parametric analysis of the strain-dependent behavior of a metamaterial electric resonator

Arritt

Adomanis²,

Khraishi

et al. 2010

Applied Physics Letters

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In this paper, we describe the strain-dependent behavior of an electric-LC ͑ELC͒ resonator unit cell, commonly used in metamaterial designs. We leverage analytic expression to understand the way strain manifests itself in a change in electromagnetic ͑EM͒ response. We verify the simplified physical models using full-wave simulations and generalize the trends to accommodate the strain profile for any arbitrary plane-stress loading scenario. © 2010 American Institute of Physics. ͓doi:10.1063/1.3507892͔ Metamaterials can greatly expand man's ability to control interactions with electromagnetic radiation and enable such phenomena as cloaking, 1,2 beyond diffraction-limited imaging, 3 gradient negative-index lenses, 4 and perfect absorbers. 5 They are a powerful concept by allowing designers to utilize geometry, and not just material properties, to engineer a structure's electromagnetic response; often providing properties not found in nature.However, transitioning metamaterials into real, operational systems requires knowledge of their behavior in relevant environments. Of significance is the role mechanical loading/strain plays in the electromagnetic response of a metamaterial. Mechanical strain is by definition, a deformation of the geometry of a structure. Since metamaterials rely so heavily on geometry for the desired response, it implies a direct causal relationship between applied strain and electromagnetic performance.Previous efforts investigated the strain 6 and temperature 7 dependent response of magnetic resonant elements; Melik et al. 6 even proposes using metamaterials as wireless strain gauges. Our efforts focused on a critical missing piece, the electric-LC resonator, depicted in Fig. 1. This structure operates at x-band, utilizing two parallel capacitors for enhanced resonant response. Figure 1 depicts the S-parameter curves for the cell.The mechanical model assumes the metamaterial unit cell is part of a large ͑Ͼ10 ͒, load-bearing structure. Mechanical loading on the cell is homogeneous, and the copper contributes insignificantly to the overall stiffness of the composite; therefore, the in-plane strain profile is approximately uniform across the unit cell ͑no local stiffening effects from the adhered copper͒. Due to the uniformity of the strain profile and the resultant absence of higher order differential terms, the linear system of Eq. ͑1͒ can be utilized to describe the deformed geometry of the unit cell as follows: 8The superscript 0 and 1 refer to the undeformed and deformed geometries, respectively, and the 3 ϫ 3 matrix is the mechanical strain tensor. The model accommodates different values of E ZZ in the substrate and copper, due to the differing mechanical properties in the materials. Additionally, the analysis was restricted to plane stress because 1,2 demonstrated that changes in EM performance due to curvature in the unit cell can be neglected. Therefore, terms E XZ and E YZ are equal to zero.The unit cell was modeled in ANSYS-HFSS, 9 utilizing equation surfaces that integrate the strain ...

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Metamaterial-based wireless strain sensors

Cited by 158 publications

References 17 publications

Equivalent circuit analysis of metamaterial strain-dependent effective medium parameters

Equivalent circuit analysis of metamaterial strain-dependent effective medium parameters

Microwave Sensor Using Metamaterials

Parametric analysis of the strain-dependent behavior of a metamaterial electric resonator

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