Metamorphic-hydrothermal parkerite and associated minerals in the Noril’sk ore field

Abstract

Magmatic mineralization.Fe-Cu-Ni-Co sulfides are disseminated near the bottom and in other portions of the ore-bearing intrusions and make up massive orebodies, veins, and impregnations mainly in the lower contact zone of igneous rocks and in the adjacent wall rocks. The primary sulfide ore is composed of segregations of pyrrhotite-and chalcopyrite-group minerals; cubanite and pentlandite; products of solid-state modifications of the early hexagonal Mss = (Fe,Ni,Cu…)S and the late cubic Iss = (Fe,Cu,Ni…)S sulfide solid solutions crystallized from sulfide melts; and of magnetite. The mineral composition of the primary ore ranges from pentlandite-troilite-pyrrhotite through pentlandite-pyrrhotite-cubanite and pentlandite-cubanite to pentlandite-chalcopyrite; chalcopyrite-group minerals with excess metal (talnakhite, mooihoekite, and putoranite) are abundant in the central and upper parts of sulfide orebodies (Godlevsky, 1959;Kulagov, 1968;Filimonova et al., 1974;Filimonova and Evstigneeva, 1980;Genkin et al., 1981).Crosscutting veins composed of PbSss (galenaaltaite solid solution)-Iss graphic intergrowths, i.e., the products of crystallization of the late low-temperature Pb-Fe-Cu melts, are hosted in the primary sulfide orebodies and along their contacts with country hornfels and igneous rocks and are regarded as a characteristic feature of the Noril'sk ore field. Further, these sulfide solid solutions underwent exsolution with formation of galena containing lamellae of altaite and chalcopyrite, talnakhite, or mooihoekite with lamellae and other exsolution bodies of cubanite, pentlandite, and pyrrhoAbstract -In the Noril'sk ore field, parkerite is a characteristic mineral of sulfide ore that metamorphosed under conditions of zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies and of arsenide-calcite veins. The mineral occurs in ores containing bornite, anhydrite, magnetite, mackinawite (3-5 wt % Ni), valleriite, calcite, ankerite, native silver, native bismuth, violarite, Te-rich bismutohauchecornite, cupropentlandite enriched in Fe, Pd-rich breithauptite (1.5-2.5 wt % Pd), galena enriched in Cu (3.8 wt % Cu), and Ni arsenides and antimonides. Parkerite occurs in those place, where the primary ores have contained pockets and veins of graphic galena and chalcopyrite aggregates with associated Pt-Pd-Au-Ag minerals. Parkerite metacrysts in galena and Fe-Cu-Ni sulfides contain 6-16 and up to 5 wt % Pb, respectively. Parkerite rims replacing PGM aggregates and galena contain 1-3 wt % Pb. In calcite veins hosted in metamorphosed sulfide ores, parkerite is associated with native silver and bismuth, maucherite, cobaltite, chalcocite, and uraninite. Parkerite from these veins contains up to 0.5 wt % Pb. Thus, the Pb and Bi contents in parkerite basically depend on those of replaced minerals. Rare bismutohauchecornite is associated with parkerite.

Nickel-(Bi,Ag) sulphide mineralization from NYF Vepice pegmatite, Milevsko pluton, southern Bohemia (Czech Republic) - a reflection of the parental granite chemistry

“…The ideal chemical formula for parkerite is reported as Ni 3 (Bi, Pb) 2 S 2 (Anthony et al 1990), due to the existence of limited substitution BiPb -1 in the parkeriteshandite series (Fleet 1973). Occurrences of parkerite with various Pb contents are described by Petruk et al (1969), Ondruš et al (2003) and Fojt et al (2008), andSpiridonov et al (2007) found at samples from Norilsk besides Pb-rich parkerite also its metacrysts with negligible Pb contents. The chemical analyses of Pb-free parkerite were published by Petruk et al (1969), Groves and Hall (1978) and Sejkora et al (2009).…”

“…Fig.6Graph of Bi+Pb vs. Sb+As contents (apfu) for parkerite; published data has been taken fromPaar and Chen (1979),Ondruš et al (2003),Goryachev et al (2004),Rumsey and Savage (2005) andSpiridonov et al (2007).…”

Mineralogy of Nickel and Cobalt Minerals in Xiarihamu Nickel–Cobalt Deposit, East Kunlun Orogen, China

“…In addition, nickel can also form minerals with some complex anions containing bismuth, arsenic, and sulfur. Parkerite (Ni 3 Bi 2 S 2 ) and arsenohauchecornite (Ni 18 Bi 3 AsS 16 ), which have been described in other superlarge copper-nickel deposits such as Sudbury (Michener and Peacock, 1943;Springer, 1989) and Noril'sk (Ponomarenko et al, 1987;Spiridonov et al, 2008), have not been described in magmatic copper-nickel sulfides in China. However, they are reported for the first time in the present study.…”

The Role of Te, As, Bi, and Sb in the Noble Metals (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag) and Microphases during Crystallization of a Cu-Fe-S Melt

“…The ore-bearing intrusions of the Norilsk-Talnakh camp have the world's largest reserves of base metals and PGE (platinum group elements), making them a strategic resource for the future energy transition. Various studies have been carried out on specific deposits within this intrusive complex, resulting in the development of some genetic models [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], where physicochemical processes have played a key role in the formation of massive and disseminated ores. Interestingly, these models were primarily based on the spatial distribution of elements and minerals within the ore body.…”

“…The key idea underlaying this is that zoned ore bodies are formed by fractional crystallization of sulfide melts in magma chambers, e.g., [2][3][4][5]8]. However, alternative models, such as crystallization with fluid participation [6] or multiple-stage crystallization in flowing magma chambers have been proposed [9].…”