Metamorphosis Is Not a New Beginning

Pechenik, Jan A.; Wendt, Dean E.; Jarrett, Jeremiah N.

doi:10.2307/1313294

Cited by 328 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…However, a reduced larval period could lead to a reduced juvenile size (or a reduction in stored energy, as discussed above), which might have negative fitness consequences. Although such fitness consequences have been previously discussed (Strathmann 1974(Strathmann , 1977Kolding and Fenchel 1981;Perron 1986;Emlet et al 1987;Pechenik et al 1998), experimental tests are relatively rare (but see Emlet and Hoegh-Guldberg 1997;Gosselin and Qian 1997). Our results demonstrate for the first time that metamorphosis at a substantially reduced juvenile size is mechanistically possible in planktotrophic echinoid larvae (for data on lecithotrophic larvae see Okazaki and Dan 1954;Emlet and HoeghGuldberg 1997).…”

Section: Thyroid Hormones As An Indicator Of Larval Nutrition: Implicsupporting

confidence: 66%

Heterochronic Developmental Shift Caused by Thyroid Hormone in Larval Sand Dollars and Its Implications for Phenotypic Plasticity and the Evolution of Nonfeeding Development

Heyland

Hodin

2004

Evolution

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Abstract. Recent work on a diverse array of echinoderm species has demonstrated, as is true in amphibians, that thyroid hormone (TH) accelerates development to metamorphosis. Interestingly, the feeding larvae of several species of sea urchins seem to obtain TH through their diet of planktonic algae (exogenous source), whereas nonfeeding larvae of the sand dollar Peronella japonica produce TH themselves (endogenous source). Here we examine the effects of TH (thyroxine) and a TH synthesis inhibitor (thiourea) on the development of Dendraster excentricus, a sand dollar with a feeding larva. We report reduced larval skeleton lengths and more rapid development of the juvenile rudiment in the exogenous TH treatments when compared to controls. Also, larvae treated with exogenous TH reached metamorphic competence faster at a significantly reduced juvenile size, representing the greatest reduction in juvenile size ever reported for an echinoid species with feeding larvae. These effects of TH on D. excentricus larval development are strikingly similar to the phenotypically plastic response of D. excentricus larvae reared under high food conditions. We hypothesize that exogenous (algae-derived) TH is the plasticity cue in echinoid larvae, and that the larvae use ingested TH levels as an indicator for larval nutrition, ultimately signaling the attainment of metamorphic competence. Furthermore, our experiments with the TH synthesis inhibitor thiourea indicate that D. excentricus larvae can produce some TH endogenously. Endogenous TH production might, therefore, be a shared feature among sand dollars, facilitating the evolution of nonfeeding larval development in that group. Mounting evidence on the effects of thyroid hormones in echinoderm development suggests life-history models need to incorporate metamorphic hormone effects and the evolution of metamorphic hormone production.

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Section: Thyroid Hormones As An Indicator Of Larval Nutrition: Implicsupporting

confidence: 66%

Heterochronic Developmental Shift Caused by Thyroid Hormone in Larval Sand Dollars and Its Implications for Phenotypic Plasticity and the Evolution of Nonfeeding Development

Heyland

Hodin

2004

Evolution

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“…Theoretically, survivors should be those larvae that are larger at a given age ("bigger is better" hypothesis; Miller et al, 1988), grow faster ("growthrate" hypothesis; Bailey and Houde, 1989), and/or move through an early stage more rapidly ("stage-duration" hypothesis; Anderson, 1988 (Wilbur, 1980), larval history is not erased and accompanies this transition (Pechenik et al, 1998 (Giménez and Anger, 2003), and a short pelagic larval duration enables fish larvae to escape the predation in the plankton, but results in smaller settlers (e.g., , which in some cases may be more susceptible to predation (Anderson, 1988). Most studies have focused on consequences to juveniles and somewhat less on the trade offs associated with conflicting constraints in complex life histories.…”

Section: Dispersal Estimates In the Coastal Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larval Transport and Dispersal in the Coastal Ocean and Consequences for Population Connectivity

Pineda¹,

Hare²,

Sponaugle³

2007

Oceanog.

569

444

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“…It is well known that larval experiences can profoundly influence the traits and performance of individuals at the time of settlement (32,33), and that early life experiences can carry over to affect survival at later life stages (19,(34)(35)(36). However, it is unknown how larvae that develop in distinct water masses, potentially arising from different sources, may survive differentially after the larval-juvenile transition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Postsettlement survival linked to larval life in a marine fish

Hamilton

Regetz

Warner

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

130

167

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There is a growing realization that the scale and degree of population connectivity are crucial to the dynamics and persistence of spatially structured populations. For marine organisms with complex life cycles, experiences during larval life may influence phenotypic traits, performance, and the probability of postsettlement survival. For a Caribbean reef fish (Thalassoma bifasciatum) on an oceanic island, we used otolith (ear stone) elemental profiles of lead (Pb) to assign recent settlers to a group that developed in waters elevated in Pb concentrations throughout larval life (i.e., nearshore signature) and a group that developed in waters depleted in Pb (i.e., offshore signature), potentially dispersing from upstream sources across oceanic waters. Larval history influenced early life history traits: offshore developers initially grew slowly but compensated with fast growth upon entering nearshore waters and metamorphosed in better condition with higher energy reserves. As shown in previous studies, local production contributed heavily to settlement: at least 45% of settlers developed nearshore. However, only 23% of survivors after the first month displayed a nearshore otolith profile. Therefore, settlers with different larval histories suffered differential mortality. Importantly, selective mortality was mediated by larval history, in that the postsettlement intensity of selection was much greater for fish that developed nearshore, potentially because they had developed in a less selectively intense larval environment. Given the potential for asymmetrical postsettlement source-based survival, successful spatial management of marine populations may require knowledge of ''realized connectivity'' on ecological scales, which takes into account the postsettlement fitness of individuals from different sources.larval-juvenile transition ͉ otolith chemistry ͉ realized connectivity ͉ selective mortality ͉ Thalassoma bifasciatum P opulations of many coastal marine species are connected primarily by dispersal during a relatively short pelagic larval phase (i.e., days to months), because most species have limited adult movement. For much of the last 30 years, researchers assumed that marine populations were demographically open. Models of open populations (1) suggested that larval supply was decoupled from local demographic rates (2). This view was reinforced by the assumption that larvae behaved as passive particles dispersed widely by ocean currents (e.g., ref.3). However, recent studies have elucidated the importance (4, 5) and apparent ubiquity of self-recruitment (i.e., retention of locally produced young) for population replenishment in many tropical species (6-11) and the potential for limited dispersal along open coasts in temperate systems (12-15). Both physical oceanographic processes (16) and larval behavior (17) may prevent advection and promote the retention of developing larvae in nearshore waters.Despite the recent evidence for local replenishment in island systems, the young that recruit to an island are ...

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Metamorphosis Is Not a New Beginning

Cited by 328 publications

References 69 publications

Heterochronic Developmental Shift Caused by Thyroid Hormone in Larval Sand Dollars and Its Implications for Phenotypic Plasticity and the Evolution of Nonfeeding Development

Heterochronic Developmental Shift Caused by Thyroid Hormone in Larval Sand Dollars and Its Implications for Phenotypic Plasticity and the Evolution of Nonfeeding Development

Larval Transport and Dispersal in the Coastal Ocean and Consequences for Population Connectivity

Postsettlement survival linked to larval life in a marine fish

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