Metaphor

Pouscoulous, Nausicaa; Dulcinati, Giulio

doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.19

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The cognitive mechanisms responsible for metaphor comprehension have been the focus of much research throughout the last several decades (for reviews see Holyoak and Stamenković, 2018 ; Pouscoulous and Dulcinati, 2019 ). One reason for the sustained interest in this line of work is the apparent change in meaning that words undergo when used metaphorically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of literal meaning in single and extended metaphors

Ronderos

Falkum²

2023

Front. Psychol.

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Within Relevance Theory, it has been suggested that extended metaphors might be processed differently relative to single metaphoric uses. While single metaphors are hypothesized to be understood via the creation of an ad hoc concept, extended metaphors have been claimed to require a switch to a secondary processing mode, which gives greater prominence to the literal meaning. Initial experimental evidence has supported a distinction by showing differences in reading times between single and extended metaphors. However, beyond potential differences in comprehension speed, Robyn Carston’s ‘lingering of the literal’ account seems to predict qualitative differences in the interpretative mechanisms involved. In the present work, we test the hypothesis that during processing of extended metaphors, the mechanisms of enhancement and suppression of activation levels of literal-related features operate differently relative to single metaphors. We base our work on a study by Paula Rubio-Fernández, which showed that processing single metaphors involves suppressing features related exclusively to the literal meaning of the metaphoric vehicle after 1000 milliseconds of encountering the metaphor. Our goal was to investigate whether suppression is also involved in the comprehension of extended metaphors, or whether the ‘lingering of the literal’ leads to continued activation of literal-related features, as we take Carston’s account to predict. We replicate existing results, in as much as we find that activation levels of literal-related features are reduced after 1000 milliseconds. Critically, we also show that the pattern of suppression does not hold for extended metaphors, for which literal-related features remain activated after 1000 milliseconds. We see our results as providing support for Carston’s view that extended metaphor processing involves a prominent role of literal meaning, contributing towards explicating the links between theoretical predictions within Relevance Theory and online sentence processing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of literal meaning in single and extended metaphors

Ronderos

Falkum²

2023

Front. Psychol.

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“…As a whole, the results do not unequivocally support one or the other set of accounts (e.g., Gernsbacher et al, 2001; McGlone and 1 Whether aptness or conventionality modulates the processing route is still a matter of debate and outside of the scope of the current investigation, which focuses on novel verbal metaphors only. For in-depth discussions on the role these factors might play during processing see Gentner and Bowdle (2008), Glucksberg (2008), Holyoak and Stamenković (2018), and Pouscoulous and Dulcinati (2019). Manfredi, 2001;Rubio Fernandez, 2007;Weiland et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 1 Whether aptness or conventionality modulates the processing route is still a matter of debate and outside of the scope of the current investigation, which focuses on novel verbal metaphors only. For in-depth discussions on the role these factors might play during processing see Gentner and Bowdle ( 2008 ), Glucksberg ( 2008 ), Holyoak and Stamenković ( 2018 ), and Pouscoulous and Dulcinati ( 2019 ). …”

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confidence: 99%

The Role of Literal Features During Processing of Novel Verbal Metaphors

2021

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When a word is used metaphorically (for example “walrus” in the sentence “The president is a walrus”), some features of that word's meaning (“very fat,” “slow-moving”) are carried across to the metaphoric interpretation while other features (“has large tusks,” “lives near the north pole”) are not. What happens to these features that relate only to the literal meaning during processing of novel metaphors? In four experiments, the present study examined the role of the feature of physical containment during processing of verbs of physical containment. That feature is used metaphorically to signify difficulty, such as “fenced in” in the sentence “the journalist's opinion was fenced in after the change in regime.” Results of a lexical decision task showed that video clips displaying a ball being trapped by a box facilitated comprehension of verbs of physical containment when the words were presented in isolation. However, when the verbs were embedded in sentences that rendered their interpretation metaphorical in a novel way, no such facilitation was found, as evidenced by two eye-tracking reading studies. We interpret this as suggesting that features that are critical for understanding the encoded meaning of verbs but are not part of the novel metaphoric interpretation are ignored during the construction of metaphorical meaning. Results and limitations of the paradigm are discussed in relation to previous findings in the literature both on metaphor comprehension and on the interaction between language comprehension and the visual world.

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The Spectrum of Sense Remoteness in Polysemy: Bridging Computational and Theoretical Lexicography with Psycholinguistics (Part 1)

Klimek-Jankowska

Hwaszcz

Wieczorek

2022

Stud. Pol. Linguist.

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Ten dwuczęściowy artykuł konsoliduje fakty dotyczące polisemii z zakresu psycholingwistyki oraz leksykografii teoretycznej i obliczeniowej oraz prezentuje wyniki badań ilościowych i jakościowych przeprowadzonych na dużym zbiorze danych polisemicznych w języku polskim, na podstawie których proponujemy uszczegółowioną klasyfikację polisemii oraz opracowujemy poszerzone spektrum podobieństwa sensów słów wieloznacznych. W pierwszej części publikacji omówiono psycholingwistyczne modele reprezentacji polisemii w mentalnym leksykonie oraz wprowadzono podstawowe spektrum podobieństwa sensów, zaproponowane w literaturze przedmiotu. Przedstawiono też metodologię oraz wyniki badań ilościowych przeprowadzonych dla par sensów wyrazów polisemicznych losowo wybranych ze Słowosieci i pozyskanych dzięki wsparciu Centrum Technologii Językowych CLARIN-PL (polskiej sekcji europejskiej infrastruktury badawczej CLARIN ERIC). Wyniki naszego badania pokazują, że najczęściej reprezentowaną polisemią są następujące typy: polisemia gniazdowa, polisemia przez metaforę i polisemia przez metonimię. W drugiej części publikacji poszerzamy spektrum podobieństwa sensów i uszczegóławiamy klasyfikację polisemii na podstawie badania jakościowego. Przedstawiamy także nowe obserwacje na temat różnych typów polisemii wchodzących w skład tego spektrum, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem polisemii gniazdowej. This two-part paper bridges insights from psycholinguistics and from theoretical and computational lexicography to develop a fine-grained classification of polysemy organized along a wider spectrum of sense remoteness of ambiguous words in Polish based on the investigation of a large collection of linguistic data.1 In the first part, we equip readers with background knowledge on different psycholinguistic views on polysemy and we introduce the basic spectrum of sense remoteness proposed in earlier literature. We also present the methodology of our research and we report the results of our quantitative study based on a large sample of sense pairs randomly extracted from plWordNet This two-part paper bridges insights from psycholinguistics and from theoretical and computational lexicography to develop a fine-grained classification of polysemy organized along a wider spectrum of sense remoteness of ambiguous words in Polish based on the investigation of a large collection of linguistic data.1 In the first part, we equip readers with background knowledge on different psycholinguistic views on polysemy and we introduce the basic spectrum of sense remoteness proposed in earlier literature. We also present the methodology of our research and we report the results of our quantitative study based on a large sample of sense pairs randomly extracted from plWordNet (Słowosieć) thanks to the resources received from the CLARIN-PL Language Technology Center (the Polish section of the European research infrastructure CLARIN ERIC). We show that the most widely represented polysemy types are nested polysemy, polysemy by metaphor and polysemy by metonymy. The second part proposes an extended spectrum of sense remoteness and presents insights on different types of polysemy included in this spectrum with a special attention paid to nested polysemy.

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Metaphor

Cited by 3 publications

References 622 publications

Suppression of literal meaning in single and extended metaphors

Suppression of literal meaning in single and extended metaphors

The Role of Literal Features During Processing of Novel Verbal Metaphors

The Spectrum of Sense Remoteness in Polysemy: Bridging Computational and Theoretical Lexicography with Psycholinguistics (Part 1)

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