Metaphor in Pictures

Kennedy, John M.

doi:10.1068/p110589

Cited by 205 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The elements belonging to this type have been called "pictorial runes" (Kennedy, 1982;Forceville, 2005) but are also known as "indicia" (Walker, 2000: Chap. 2), and "cartoon symbols" (McCloud, 2006: 125), while in their richly illustrated compendium of visual signs in comics, Gasca and Gubern (2001: 194) use the Spanish expression "símbolos cinéticos." As a first approximation, pictorial runes can be described as non-mimetic graphic elements that contribute narratively salient information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pictorial runes in Tintin and the Picaros

Forceville

2011

Journal of Pragmatics

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Speed-lines, movement-lines and emotion-enhancing flourishes ("pictorial runes") may contribute, marginally or substantially, to the potential meanings to be inferred from a comic's panel. It seems plausible that pictorial runes convey their meanings in patterned ways, but hitherto little systematic research appears to have been done to investigate them.The primary aim of this paper is to present the first version of a model to research pictorial runes by inventorying and categorizing all specimens occurring in a single Tintin album and to generalize tentatively about their meaning. In this manner, the model can be further tested, refined, elaborated, or refuted, in further research. Such research will aid both comics scholarship and cognition studies based on visual stimuli.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pictorial runes in Tintin and the Picaros

Forceville

2011

Journal of Pragmatics

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“…And inasmuch as multimodal representations (in the form of advertising, videoclips, games, TVformats, mainstream films, animation) travel faster and more easily across the world than verbal ones, examining their metaphorical manifestations will help focus on what remains stable and what changes in cross-cultural communication. Furthermore, such work may provide the starting point for how other tropes besides metaphor can assume multimodal appearances (e.g., metonymy, irony, hyperbole, oxymoron, see Kennedy 1982;Gibbs 1993;Teng and Sun 2002). Here the analysis of multimodal metaphor ties in with the study of rhetoric.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A type of monomodal metaphor that has more recently become the subject of sustained research is pictorial or visual metaphor. 1 An early discussion of metaphor in pictures is Kennedy (1982). The perception psychologist Kennedy takes "metaphor" in the all-encompassing sense of what literary scholars call a "trope" or a "figure of speech" (and which Tversky 2001 calls "figures of depiction") and identifies some 25 types, including "metonymy," "hendiadys," and "litotes."…”

Section: Multimodality Versus Monomodalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-verbal and multimodal metaphor in a cognitivist framework: Agendas for research

Forceville¹,

Urios-Aparisi²

2006

Cognitive Linguistics: Current Applications and Future Perspectives

175

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Abstract. Cognitive metaphor theory (CMT) has over the past 25 years amply argued that we do not only write and speak but, more importantly, actually think in metaphors. If this tenet of CMT is correct, metaphor should necessarily manifest itself not just in language but also in other modes of communication, such as pictures, music, sounds, and gestures. However, non-verbal and multimodal metaphor have been far less extensively studied than their verbal sisters. The present article provides discussion of work done in this area, focusing on a number of issues that require further research. Some are specific for non-verbal and multimodal metaphor, others invite reconsideration in the realm of linguistic metaphor. These issues include the proposal to distinguish between monomodal and multimodal metaphor; reflections on the distinction between structural and creative metaphor; the question of how verbalizations of non-verbal or conceptual metaphors may affect their possible interpretation; thoughts as to how similarity is created between target and source once the realm of purely verbal discourse is left; and suggestions about the importance of genre for the construal and interpretation of metaphor; Keywords: Monomodal metaphor; multimodal metaphor; pictorial metaphor; structural versus creative metaphor; similarity in metaphor; genre.

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“…Here we can only give a preliminary account. We see forms as serving several functions; they can depict (e.g., pictorial representations), be metaphoric (e.g., motion lines, see Kennedy, 1982;Kennedy, Green, & Vervaeke, 1993), or be symbolic (e.g., some aspects of abstract thoughts and emotions being represented by a circle). Establishing a symbolic relation between a form and a referent is a matching task in which the signified is fitted to a signifier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbolic forms can be mnemonics for recall

Liu

Kennedy

1994

Psychon Bull Rev

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Form symbolism using squares and circles can aid recall. In Experiment 1, subjects saw 20 words, each presented in a circle or a square. Words like SOFT and MOTHER were presented in circles in the "congruent" condition, whereas the same words were presented in squares in the "incongruent" condition, Two experiments revealed that words in the congruent condition were more likely to be recalled, A comparison of the conditions with a baseline condition, in which 20 listed words were not closely related to either of the shapes, suggests that the effect was more likely due to facilitation produced by the congruent condition than to inhibition from the incongruent condition, Here we will study whether symbolic visual forms can influence memory, We use the phrase form symbolism for connections between simple forms, such as a circle or a square, and quite abstract referents, As a symbol, a circle can be paired with referents such as "unending" or "soft." Similarly, a square may be linked with "stable" or "hard," In this connection, some authors have used the terms nonverbal metaphor (Hausman, 1989) and physiognomic perception (Lindauer, 1991), However, to call a symbol a metaphor is to suggest that metaphor is the basis for symbolism-certainly a controversial claim. Also, the term physiognomic perception suggests that symbols are based on expression (facial expression, in particular, if the term physiognomy is taken literally), which may be too restrictive, We will choose the less theoryladen termform symbolism, A circle, for example, can readily symbolize the "universe" or "contentment." As an illustration, Irving Berlin classified songs into "round" songs and "square" songs, to distinguish ones that were what he termed "natural" from ones he deemed "forced effects," respectively (Bergreen, 1990, p. 386).Several studies on form symbolism have focused on linear forms. They have shown that people often match words like QUIET and SERENE with a horizontal line rather than with a crooked line (Kreitler & Kreitler, 1972;Leijonhielm, 1967;Schlesinger, 1980;Wallach & Kogan, 1965;Werner & Kaplan, 1963;Winner, 1982). Liu and Kennedy (1993) inquired about the role of symbolism in cognitive tasks. We described a "matching" experiment, and we showed that symbolic relations between words and shapes affect one kind of recall performance. Here we report two new experiments on recall.In Liu and Kennedy's (1993) matching experiment, the task was to match 20 word pairs (e.g., MOTHER and FATHER) with two geometric shapes (a circle and aWe would like to thank C. M, Macleod and B. Challis for their comments on an early version of this paper, Correspondence should be addressed to C. H. Liu or 1. M, Kennedy, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Scarborough, ON, Canada MIC lA4, square). The word pairs used in the Experiment and the levels of agreement found are shown in Table 1, with the word matched with "circle" on the left of each pair. Agreement ranged from 100% (SOFT-HARD) to chance (51% on DEEP-SHALLOW).In Liu and Kennedy's ...

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Metaphor in Pictures

Cited by 205 publications

References 16 publications

Pictorial runes in Tintin and the Picaros

Pictorial runes in Tintin and the Picaros

Non-verbal and multimodal metaphor in a cognitivist framework: Agendas for research

Symbolic forms can be mnemonics for recall

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