Regulation of fundamental genetic processes demands dynamic participation of transcription factors, their coregulators, and multiprotein chromatin remodeling activities at target genes. One family of chromatin modifiers that is ubiquitously expressed is the metastasis tumor antigens (MTA), which are integral parts of nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) complexes. MTA family members exist in distinct NuRD complexes, and functional redundancy is lacking among MTA family members. MTA proteins regulate divergent cellular pathways, including hormonal action, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions, differentiation, protein stability and development, and cell fate programs by modifying the acetylation status of crucial target genes. Intriguingly, at least one member of this family, MTA1, itself undergoes acetylation and acts as a coactivator in certain contexts. We discuss the roles of the MTA family of chromatin modifiers, with an emphasis on their physiologic functions.Dynamic alterations in chromatin structure facilitate or repress access of transcription complexes to target DNAs, leading to transcriptional changes and the regulation of functions associated with the gene products (1). These complexes modify DNA accessibility for cofactors by affecting DNA-histone interactions, nucleosome sliding, or relocation. In addition, the transcriptional state is influenced by covalent modification of the core histones (2). Among histone modifications, acetylation plays a pivotal role in chromatin remodeling (3). Core histones are subject to reversible acetylation at select lysine residues in their N-terminal domains through the coordinate activity of histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) 2 (3). Histone acetylation correlates with transcriptional activity, whereas deacetylation favors transcriptional repression. The mechanism of action of histone acetyltransferases is extensively reviewed elsewhere in the literature (4). Here we discuss the current understanding of the MTA family of coregulators, which are essential components of HDAC-containing NuRD transcriptional complexes.
NuRD Complex, a Dynamic Switch for Histone Deacetylation and Chromatin RemodelingDeacetylation of histones via HDACs is carried out by two major complexes, Sin3 and NuRD (5, 6). The Sin3 complex contains seven polypeptides: HDAC1, HDAC2, RbAp46, RbAp48, Sin3, SAP18, and SAP30. This complex participates in nuclear hormone receptor repression of target genes (5, 7). NuRD complexes share four core proteins (HDAC1, HDAC2, RbAp46, and RbAp48) with the Sin3 complex and contain Mi-2␣/, MTA1/2, and p66 (5). In the NuRD complex, HDAC1/2 participate in the deacetylation process; Mi-2␣/ proteins with a chromodomain exhibit a DNA helicase/ATPase activity; and RbAp46/48 participate in histone binding. The roles of p66␣/ in NuRD complex are complex as p66 proteins are sumoylated, and SUMO-modified p66␣ efficiently interacts with HDAC1, whereas RbAp46 binds to SUMO-modified p66 (8, 9). All three MTA family proteins are found ...