Metastatic Breast Cancer to the Cervix Presenting with Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding During Chemotherapy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

The most common sites of invasive breast cancer metastasis are the lungs, liver, bones and brain. Less frequent sites include the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen, thyroid, adrenals, kidneys, heart and female genital tract. The uterus is reported as a rare site for metastasis, and even more so for an isolated metastasis. Other sites of extra-genital sources for uterine metastases include the colon, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, lung, cutaneous melanoma, urinary bladder and thyroid. The rarity of breast cancer metastasis to the uterine cervix could be explained by the fact that the cervix has a small blood supply and an afferent lymph drainage system alone. It is rare to diagnose a cervical metastasis prior to eliciting the primary breast disease. Invasive lobular carcinoma metastasises to the female reproductive system more frequently than invasive ductal carcinoma. This paper presents a case of breast cancer metastasis to the cervix.

Adipose Tissue from Lean and Obese Mice Induces a Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition-Like Effect in Triple Negative Breast Cancers Cells Grown in 3-Dimensional Culture

“…The primary cause of morbidity and death among BC patient is tumor metastasis [9]. The most common sites of BC metastasis include the bone, brain, lungs, and liver [10]; although rare, the tumor can also spread to the extraocular muscle [11] and to the urinogenital regions of the body [12][13][14]. Tumor metastasis is a highly complex and multistep event.…”

“…Adipocytes can induce the expression of mesenchymal markers and promote the invasion and migration of BC cells as well as tumor cell proliferation via the secretion of adipokines (e.g., leptin), and hormones (e.g., estrogen) [26,27]. Moreover, obesity has been linked to visceral metastases [14] where adipocytes from visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) have enhanced effects on the EMT of BC cells compared to those from subcutaneous WAT [15]. This effect may be related to the observation that adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous WAT have different metabolic and gene expression profiles, different adipokine secretion profiles, and different diet-induced responses [16].…”

Breast Atypical Apocrine Adenosis: A Case Report and Literature Review

“…GCDFP-15 is a glycoprotein originally isolated in the human breast. It is used as a specific immunohistochemical diagnostic marker for apocrine differentiation, especially in tumours originating in the breast (including apocrine carcinoma of the breast) [ 8 - 10 ].…”

“…This marker is used for squamous differentiation, and its mutation is associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. It differentiates malignant conditions, which are often p53 positive, from reactive and metaplastic conditions, which are usually p53 negative [ 8 , 10 ]. P63 may show focal staining in AAA [ 2 , 13 ].…”

Menorrhagia in Women After the Administration of Novel Oral ‎Anticoagulants, Like Rivaroxaban: A Case Report

“…HMB is rarely associated with serious events; however, it usually imposes negative impacts on the quality of life of the women and eventually contributes to direct and indirect costs [12]. The increased incidences of abnormal vaginal bleeding in women of reproductive age receiving rivaroxaban and apixaban, compared to warfarin consumers have been reported in several studies [13,14].…”