Meter rates for water works

Hazen, Allen

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.18571

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The proper method of dividing the cost of public and private services is [1] to make a valuation of the plant; [2] to make a study of the value of a theoretical plant, sufficient in capacity for fire service only; and [3] a study of the value of a theoretical plant, capable of domestic service only. The sum of the [2] and [3] study will give a value much greater than the value of the combined plant, and the value of the combined plant should then be divided between fire service and domestic service in proportion to the theoretical values found necessary in each case.…”

Section: Previous Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…assessments and charges are made: [11 a general tax on all property. based on the assessed valuation; [2] a "front-foot benefit charge," where a water main and sewer exist in front of a lot, whether used or not .. and [3] a "readyto-serve charge" and a "consumption charge" when water is used (5).…”

Section: 'Allocation Of Revenuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the relative importance of fire protection as compared with general water service in the average community, one finds three viewpoints in the literature: [1] that fire protection is of prime importance; [2] that the two are of equal importance; and [3] that fire protection is of less importance than the combined needs for all other services, On the first assumption. the cost of a system to provide fire protection alone would be compared with the cost of a system to provide both, and the increment only would be charged to normal uses.…”

Section: Relative Importance Of Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second controversial matter has to do with the ratio between the amount of the fire demand and the amount of demand for all other purposes, which establishes the increment of capacity chargeable to fire. Three standards for fire demand, based on population, have been used (6): [11 those of John R. Freeman, who suggested, in 1892. both the maximum and minimum number of fire streams; [21 those proposed in 1897 by Allen Hazen and Emil Kuichling ; and [3] those submitted by the National Board of Fire Underwriters in 1910. The values resulting from the several formulas which have been presented to the committee vary considerably.…”

Section: Ratios Of Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basic Considerations in Determining Water Rates

Ayres¹

1950

Journal AWWA

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Section: Previous Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 'Allocation Of Revenuementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relative Importance Of Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ratios Of Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basic Considerations in Determining Water Rates

Ayres¹

1950

Journal AWWA

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“…The metering of utility services is an ancient problem [Fron- tinus, 1973]. Only in the last century have innovations in metering technology created the possibility of cheaply metering utility services to small customers, particularly for water supplies [Hazen, 1918]. However, the cost of metering domestic water consumption still seems to be too high for the Scots; only one town in Britain has domestic metering [Phillips, 1983] [Shipman, 1978].…”

Section: The Decision To Metermentioning

confidence: 99%

Metering utility services: Evaluation and maintenance

Lund¹

1988

Water Resources Research

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The value of metering customer connections to public utilities is often taken for granted. The paper proposes methods for evaluating customer metering in terms of maximizing economic efficiency, utility profits, and economic equity. Significant improvements are made in methods for assessing the conservation benefits of metering. Methods are illustrated using domestic water supply examples, but are applicable to any utility service. When metering is inefficient, so is marginal cost pricing. The paper also applies Bayesian decision analysis and regeneration theory to the maintenance of water meters. This maintenance scheduling method is relevant for other component maintenance problems in water resource systems. the economic efficiency and profitability trade-offs necessary to realize equity benefits from metering. The method is applicable to both the decision to meter an individual connection and the decision to meter a class of similar connections for any utility industry. The methods are developed and applied specifically for water supply metering problems. BENEFITS OF METERING"There are two reasons for the use of water meters. The first is that selling water by measurement is the only logical and fair way of conducting business. It is the only way that does not result in gross inequalities and discriminations against some takers, and in favor of others. The second reason is that metering water is the only practical method yet found four restricting excessive waste" Hazen [ 1918]. 802 LUND: METERING UTILITY SERVICES 803 Cost Savinas From Use Curtailment The most tangible benefit of metering is the reduction of service use accompanying introduction of metered service. For domestic water supplies this reduction has been estimated between 6% [Phillips and Kershaw, 1976] and 50% [Berry, 1972] of unmetered use. Estimates of reduction from various studies of domestic water metering are detailed in Table I. Changes in water use with the installation of meters seems to vary with climatic and economic conditions. These decreases seem less related to the level of the new marginal price of water than to the new marginal price of water being nonzero [Hanke, 1970b]. This implies that much of the conservation experienced accrues from either low-value uses of water (e.g., deferring leak repair and extensive lawn irrigation) or psychological factors arising from a new causal relation between water use and billing [Hanke, 1970a, b; Sims, 1978].The initial benefits of reducing water use are reductions in the short-range marginal costs of pumping and chemicals.These are virtually the only benefits of reduced water use that may always be counted, and they are often small. For a water system of 1200 people in Pennsylvania, Bhatt and Cole [1985] calculated that a 20% reduction in water use only resulted in a 2% reduction in total water system costs from savings in pumping and chemicals. If water is bought from a larger regional supplier, the price of this water is its marginal cost to the community in question.Additional short-ran...

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Integrating social and physical sciences in water management

Lund

2015

Water Resources Research

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Water management has always required more than physical science. This paper reviews the accomplishments of integrating social with physical sciences for water management in the last 50 years. Particular successes are highlighted to illustrate how fundamentals from both physical science and social science have been brought together to improve the performance of water management systems. Some forward-looking lessons for managing practical and academic interdisciplinary research for water management are also provided.

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Meter rates for water works

Abstract: Keeping accounts is at the foundation of an economical conduct of any business, and to keep accounts in the water-supply business, the water must be measured, that is, metered.

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Basic Considerations in Determining Water Rates

Basic Considerations in Determining Water Rates

Metering utility services: Evaluation and maintenance

Integrating social and physical sciences in water management

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