Metered dose pressurized aerosols and the ozone layer

Newman, S P

doi:10.1183/09031936.93.03050495

Cited by 57 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A plurality of halocarbons is generated by human activities, vehicle emissions, biomass burning, solvent evaporation, and industrial manufacturing processes included (Barletta et al 2006 ; Ferek et al 1998 ; Zhang et al 2018 ), triggering the high concentration of VOCs in Kaifeng. Freon 11 (0.47 ppb) and Freon 114 (0.20 ppb), with the lifespan of 75 and 185 years (Newman 1990 ), ranked above the most of halocarbons despite the stringent emission controls. Although the TVOC was lower than that in Zhengzhou, both the two halocarbons expressed the superiority (Freon 11 was 0.40 ppb and Freon 114 was 0.014 in Zhengzhou) (Zhang et al 2021a ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

VOC species controlling O3 formation in ambient air and their sources in Kaifeng, China

Chen

Shi

Ren

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The concentration of ozone has been in a rising crescendo in the last decade while the fine particles (PM2.5) is gradually decreasing but still at a high level in central China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the vital precursors of ozone and PM2.5. A total of 101 VOC species were measured in four seasons at five sites from 2019 to 2021 in Kaifeng. VOC sources and geographic origin of sources were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory transport model. The source-specific OH loss rates (LOH) and ozone formation potential (OFP) were calculated to estimate the effects of each VOC source. The average mixing ratios of total VOCs (TVOC) were 43.15 parts per billion (ppb), of which the alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, halocarbons, and oxygenated VOCs respectively accounted for 49%, 12%, 11%, 14%, and 14%. Although the mixing ratios of alkenes were comparatively low, they played a dominant role in the LOH and OFP, especially ethene (0.55 s−1, 7%; 27.11 μg/m3, 10%) and 1,3-butadiene (0.74 s−1, 10%; 12.52 μg/m3, 5%). The vehicle-related source which emitted considerable alkenes ranked as the foremost contributing factor (21%). Biomass burning was probably influenced by other cities in the western and southern Henan and other provinces, Shandong and Hebei.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

VOC species controlling O3 formation in ambient air and their sources in Kaifeng, China

Chen

Shi

Ren

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…15 In addition, the increased deposition of the drug into the lung observed with slow inhalation can offset any lack of coordination of actuation. 29 However, most patients inhale too fast and the recommended instruction to use an inhalation that is "steady and deep" is subjective and interpreted differently by users and trainers. A recent study has shown that defining this instruction as an inhalation that takes an adult approximately 5 seconds to complete will ensure the required slow inhalation flow when using an MDI.…”

Section: A Real-life Inhaler That the Patient Can And Will Use: What ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhaler Devices: The past, the Present, and the Future

Utley¹

2015

EMJ Respir

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Inhaler handling errors negatively impact asthma control and represent one of the most common challenges in asthma management. Overcoming inhaler handling errors can be achieved by increased awareness of errors, more explicit and consistent training in inhaler use, and development of ‘intuitive’ devices. Clinical studies have shown that dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have better dose consistency and delivery to the lungs, but this is also dependent on device and inhalation technique. In addition, recent clinical studies have demonstrated that Spiromax® is a more intuitive device than Turbuhaler®. In studies analysing patient device mastery, intuitive devices are preferred by patients because they are easy/simple to use and have effective dose delivery.

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“…The mixing ratio of total activities, vehicle emissions, biomass burning, solvent evaporation, and industrial manufacturing processes included(Barletta et al, 2006;Ferek et al, 1998;Zhang et al, 2018), triggering the high concentration of VOCs in Kaifeng. Freon 11 (0.47 ppb) and Freon 114 (0.20 ppb), with the lifespan of 75 and 185 years(Newman, 1990), ranked above the most of halocarbons despite the stringent emission controls. Although the TVOC was lower than that in Zhengzhou, both the two halocarbons expressed the superiority (Freon 11 was 0.40 ppb and Freon 114 was 0.014 in Zhengzhou)(Zhang et al, 2021a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

VOCs species controlling O3 formation in ambient air and their sources in Kaifeng, China

Chen

Shi

Ren

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The concentration of ozone has been in a rising crescendo in the last decade while the fine particles (PM2.5) is gradually decreasing but still at a high level in central China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the vital precursors of ozone and PM2.5. A total of 101 VOC species were measured in four seasons at five sites from 2019 to 2021 in Kaifeng. VOC sources and geographic origin of sources were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory transport model. The source-specific OH loss rates (LOH) and ozone formation potential (OFP) were calculated to estimate the effects of each VOC source. The average mixing ratios of total VOCs (TVOC) were 43.15 parts per billion (ppb), of which the alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, halocarbons, and oxygenated VOCs respectively accounted for 49%, 12%, 11%, 14%, and 14%. Although the mixing ratios of alkenes were comparatively low, they played a dominant role in the LOH and OFP, especially ethene (0.55 s− 1, 7%; 27.11 µg/m3, 10%) and 1,3-butadiene (0.74 s− 1, 10%; 12.52 µg/m3, 5%). The vehicle-related source which emitted considerable alkenes ranked as the foremost contributing factor (21%). Biomass burning was probably influenced by other cities in the western and southern Henan and other provinces, Shandong and Hebei.

show abstract

Metered dose pressurized aerosols and the ozone layer

Cited by 57 publications

References 9 publications

VOC species controlling O3 formation in ambient air and their sources in Kaifeng, China

VOC species controlling O3 formation in ambient air and their sources in Kaifeng, China

Inhaler Devices: The past, the Present, and the Future

VOCs species controlling O3 formation in ambient air and their sources in Kaifeng, China

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