Metformin-loaded Citric Acid Cross-linked Agarose Films in the Prevention of Postoperative Abdominal Adhesion

Optimization of Tio2-natural Hydrogels for Paracetamol and Ibuprofen Degradation in Wastewaters.

“…In addition, it can be, even, applied out of a laboratory contrastingly to other more effective and controlled routes. Moreover, citric acid has been termed as a "green" cross-linker due to its non-toxic nature, readily availability and inexpensively that has been successfully employed in the biomaterials eld (Moon et al 2019, Salihu et al 2021. A scheme of the agarose crosslinking due to the presence of the citric acid has been depicted in Fig.…”

Effects of pioglitazone and metformin on abdominal adhesion formation in an experimental model

“…However, none have proven to be sufficiently effective in humans. [ 18 ] Currently, the most commonly used and relatively successful method involves physical barriers, such as membranes or gels, which reduce adhesion formation by physically separating the damaged peritoneal tissue from intra-abdominal organs. Materials such as a bioresorbable membrane composed of sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose (Seprafilm), or a gel containing sodium hyaluronate (Sepracoat), are used to prevent adhesions.…”

“…[ 20 ] However, this efficacy has not been confirmed in some clinical studies, and not all physical barriers effectively protect against PIAA as they fail to address critical biological issues, including protection against bacterial infections and issues in managing biocompatibility and biodegradability. [ 18 ] Our study examined these inconsistencies in the results of such studies in our adhesion model, showing that applying hyaluronic acid gel did not significantly prevent adhesion formation and increased cytokine levels that contribute to adhesion. To overcome these difficulties, which we also observed, drug-releasing anti-adhesion barriers have gained scientific interest as a potential strategy.…”

“…They demonstrated that the administration of this barrier for 14 days significantly reduced the clinical adhesion score and the thickness of the adhesion interface, suggesting the dual role of the physical barrier and metformin-based pharmaceuticals. [ 18 ] Metformin, a potent adenosine monophosphate-activated receptor activator used as an anti-diabetic medication, also has anti-fibrotic effects through the TGF-β-induced signaling pathway, cell metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress. [ 21 ] Rangarajan et al reported that in a bleomycin-induced murine lung fibrosis model study, the administration of metformin was effective in preventing and slowing the progression of fibrosis, promoting the resolution of fibrosis, and reversing established fibrosis.…”