Methadone or Butorphanol as Pre-Anaesthetic Agents Combined with Romifidine in Horses Undergoing Elective Surgery: Qualitative Assessment of Sedation and Induction

Nannarone, Sara; Giannettoni, Giacomo; Laurenza, Chiara; Giontella, Andrea; Moretti, Giulia

doi:10.3390/ani11092572

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In one study in healthy horses undergoing elective surgery, methadone was shown to enhance sedation from alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonists. It has also been shown to decrease noise response while maintaining good postural stability 21 . However, the analgesic effects of methadone and its duration remain to be investigated in the equine population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opioid‐free anaesthesia protocol for standing spinal surgery in a horse

Pérez

Hawkins

Fiske-Jackson

et al. 2023

Vet Record Case Reports

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Opioid‐free anaesthesia is a growing field in human and veterinary medicine. Several adverse effects have been reported related to the administration of opioids in horses, including the propensity to produce excitement, ataxia and gastrointestinal stasis. However, opioids have traditionally been the mainstay of pain relief in both the human and veterinary field. The feasibility of an opioid‐free anaesthesia protocol in a horse that underwent multiple subtotal spinous process ostectomies is reported here. Instead of traditional opioid therapy, a detomidine continuous‐rate infusion and a bilateral ultrasound‐guided erector spinae block was performed to provide analgesia. The authors concluded that opioid‐free surgical anaesthesia protocols may be feasible in horses undergoing multiple subtotal spinous process ostectomies. Gaining experience with these protocols may be advantageous when the use of opioids is to be avoided.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been shown to decrease noise response while maintaining good postu-ral stability. 21 However, the analgesic effects of methadone and its duration remain to be investigated in the equine population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid‐free anaesthesia protocol for standing spinal surgery in a horse

Pérez

Hawkins

Fiske-Jackson

et al. 2023

Vet Record Case Reports

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“…24 While well-suited for assessing sedation depth in standing, undisturbed horses, these methods are not easily applied to sedated horses undergoing a potentially painful stimulus. Scoring systems have been described for assessing horse responses to various tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli 2,22,25,26 ; however, reviewerassigned scoring systems are inherently prone to subjectivity and scorer bias. Alternatively, automated analysis of animal behavior is widely utilized in biomedical research, and open-source availability of software code enables modification to perform the specific needs of a particular study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid‐free sedation for atlantoaxial cerebrospinal fluid collection in adult horses

Cock

Blakeney

Hernández

et al. 2022

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background Atlantoaxial (AA) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection in standing horses utilizes the controlled narcotic morphine, thereby limiting feasibility in field practice settings. Objectives To compare AA CSF collection time and reaction scores in horses sedated with morphine‐containing and opioid‐free sedation protocols: detomidine + morphine (DM), detomidine + xylazine (DX), detomidine + detomidine (DD), detomidine alone (D0); To develop a novel method for assessing sedation in standing horses using open‐source motion‐tracking software. Animals Six healthy adult horses. Methods Randomized crossover. Atlantoaxial CSF collections were performed weekly for 4 weeks. Horses received sedation protocols in random order. Procedure time and procedure reaction scores were compared between groups using Friedman test. Associations between procedure reaction scores and motion tracking variables (total distance and farthest excursion traveled by horse's head) were examined using scatter diagrams and linear regression. Results Procedure times were lower in horses sedated with DX (median: 36 seconds; range: 28 − 188), compared to D0 (121; 35 − 196; P = 0.04). Procedure reaction scores were lower in horses sedated with DX (median 1.0, range 1.0 to 2.0), or DM (1.8; 1.3 − 3.0) compared to DO (3.0; 2.3 − 3.0; P = .03). Reactions to dura mater puncture were recorded in 3 of 6 horses in D0 and DD groups, and 0 of 6 horses in DX and DM groups. Positive associations were observed between reaction score vs total distance or farthest excursion distance from baseline. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Both opioid‐free and morphine‐containing sedation protocols are acceptable for AA CSF collection. Motion‐tracking software represents a novel method for assessing sedation in standing horses.

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“…Butorphanol, morphine, methadone and hydromorphone are commonly used in equine analgesia and their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have been thoroughly investigated ( 2 , 24 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 ). Butorphanol, a synthetic strong κ -opioid receptor agonist and weak μ -opioid receptor antagonist ( 2 , 34 – 38 ), has been observed to induce a transient reduction in gastrointestinal motility in anesthetized horses when used as CRI at a dosage of 13 μg/kg/h ( 34 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Constipation is a widely recognized side effect of opioid treatment in all species, affecting up to 95% of human patients, attributed to diminished coordinated motility, prolonged transit time, enhanced fluid absorption from intestinal contents and decreased secretion of fluids and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). While opioids provide analgesia by stimulating μ-, κand δopioid receptors in the brain, the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and peripheral tissues, the activation of opioid receptors within the gastrointestinal tract can decrease motility and induce alterations in the secretion, absorption and transport of electrolytes and fluids (9,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(21)(22)(23)(24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of opioid administration on the incidence of postanaesthetic colic in horses

Haralambus,

Juri,

Mokry

et al. 2024

Front. Pain Res.

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Effective management of postoperative pain is essential to ensure patient welfare, reduce morbidity and optimize recovery. Opioids are effective in managing moderate to severe pain in horses but concerns over their adverse effects on gastrointestinal (GI) motility and associated increased colic risk limit their widespread use. Studies investigating the impact of systemic opioids on both GI motility and colic incidence in horses have yielded inconclusive outcomes. Therefore, this retrospective study aims to assess the influence of systemic administration of butorphanol, morphine, and methadone on post-anaesthetic colic (PAC) incidence. Horses undergoing general anaesthesia for non-gastrointestinal procedures that were hospitalized for at least 72 h post-anaesthesia were included in this study. Anaesthetised horses were stratified by procedure type into horses undergoing diagnostic imaging without surgical intervention, emergency or elective surgery. In addition, patients were grouped by opioid treatment regime into horses receiving no opioids, intraanaesthetic, short- (<24 h) or long-term (>24 h) postoperative opioids. Administered opioids encompassed butorphanol, morphine and methadone. The number of horses showing signs of colic in the 72 h after anaesthesia was assessed for each group. A total of 782 horses were included, comprising 659 undergoing surgical procedures and 123 undergoing diagnostic imaging. The overall PAC incidence was 15.1%. Notably, horses undergoing diagnostic imaging without surgery had a significantly lower PAC rate of 6.5% compared to those undergoing surgery (16.7%, p = 0.0146). Emergency surgeries had a significantly lower PAC rate of 5.8% compared to elective procedures (18%, p = 0.0113). Of the 782 horses, 740 received intraoperative opioids and 204 postoperative opioids, 102 of which long-term (≥24 h). Neither intraoperative (p = 0.4243) nor short-term postoperative opioids (p = 0.5744) increased PAC rates. Notably, only the long-term (≥24 h) administration of morphine significantly increased PAC incidence to 34% (p = 0.0038). In contrast, long-term butorphanol (5.3% PAC, p = 0.8482) and methadone (18.4% PAC, p = 0.6161) did not affect PAC rates. In summary, extended morphine administration was the only opioid treatment associated with a significantly increased risk of PAC.

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Methadone or Butorphanol as Pre-Anaesthetic Agents Combined with Romifidine in Horses Undergoing Elective Surgery: Qualitative Assessment of Sedation and Induction

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Opioid‐free anaesthesia protocol for standing spinal surgery in a horse

Opioid‐free anaesthesia protocol for standing spinal surgery in a horse

Opioid‐free sedation for atlantoaxial cerebrospinal fluid collection in adult horses

The impact of opioid administration on the incidence of postanaesthetic colic in horses

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