Methanol as a carrier of hydrogen and carbon in fossil-free production of direct reduced iron

Andersson, Joakim; Krüger, Andries J.; Grönkvist, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2020.100051

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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Section: Management Of Secondary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Out of these options, the pre-heating route appears the most attractive and generally applicable. Pre-heating via the use of biomass oxy-fuel combustion to co-produce CO 2 for MeOH production in an H-DR process was evaluated in a recent study [37]. In the case that oxy-fuel combustion of biomass is used to pre-heat the reducing gas to 700 • C, the CO 2 generated is sufficient to allow for a 41% electrolyzer overcapacity, with sufficient amounts of O 2 generated by electrolyzers to fully feed the combustion process.…”

Section: Management Of Secondary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sensible heat available from DRI cooling can be significant in an industrial-scale H-DR process: assuming that the DRI exits the reduction shaft at 850 • C and has a specific heat capacity of 0.56 MJ/(t, K), around 0.1 MW/(t DRI/h) down to 200 • C [12,37]. However, it is not certain that this heat will be available as the direct transfer of hot DRI from the reduction shaft to the EAF reduces the electricity demand of the EAF [10].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the reduction of iron ore with H 2 is an endothermic reaction (reaction (1)), the incoming H 2 must be pre-heated to a high temperature before entering the reduction shaft. The heat required for this pre-heating is substantial in an industrial-scale H-DR process: approximately 10 kWh/kg H 2 of heat must be supplied if the reducing gas enters the reduction shaft at 900 • C [37]. The excess heat from reduction gas pre-heating depends on what heating technology is used.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, for electric heating, the amount of excess heat would be negligible. However, even if oxy-fuel pre-heating is applied, as described previously, the amount of excess heat is likely too small to be useful for integration with a dehydrogenation plant [37].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Application of Liquid Hydrogen Carriers in Hydrogen Steelmaking

Andersson

2021

Energies

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Steelmaking is responsible for approximately one third of total industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Hydrogen (H2) direct reduction (H-DR) may be a feasible route towards the decarbonization of primary steelmaking if H2 is produced via electrolysis using fossil-free electricity. However, electrolysis is an electricity-intensive process. Therefore, it is preferable that H2 is predominantly produced during times of low electricity prices, which is enabled by storage of H2. This work compares the integration of H2 storage in four liquid carriers, methanol (MeOH), formic acid (FA), ammonia (NH3) and perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), in H-DR processes. In contrast to conventional H2 storage methods, these carriers allow for H2 storage in liquid form at ambient moderate overpressures, reducing the storage capacity cost. The main downside to liquid H2 carriers is that thermochemical processes are necessary for both the storage and release processes, often with significant investment and operational costs. The carriers are compared using thermodynamic and economic data to estimate operational and capital costs in the H-DR context considering process integration options. It is concluded that the use of MeOH is promising compared to both the other considered carriers. For large storage volumes, MeOH-based H2 storage may also be an attractive option for the underground storage of compressed H2. The other considered liquid H2 carriers suffer from large thermodynamic barriers for hydrogenation (FA) or dehydrogenation (NH3, H18-DBT) and higher investment costs. However, for the use of MeOH in an H-DR process to be practically feasible, questions regarding process flexibility and the optimal sourcing of CO2 and heat must be answered.

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Section: Management Of Secondary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Management Of Secondary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Application of Liquid Hydrogen Carriers in Hydrogen Steelmaking

Andersson

2021

Energies

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State of the Art of Methanol Reforming for Hydrogen Generation

B. S.,

Asapu

2024

ChemBioEng Reviews

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Green hydrogen is the energy carrier set in the roadmap to achieve the net zero target. However, hydrogen as the future energy vector, either in compressed gaseous form or liquefied form, demands a complete overhaul of storage and transportation infrastructure at a global scale. Methanol is one of the commercially viable hydrogen carriers that can overcome the infrastructure challenges associated with the storage and transportation of hydrogen. As a sustainable hydrogen carrier, methanol must be reformed to hydrogen prior to the point of usage. This review begins with a detailed discussion on thermocatalytic methanol reforming, catalysts, operating conditions, and the associated challenges for both stationary and mobility applications. An in‐depth analysis of the existing commercial methanol reformers available for on‐board and onsite hydrogen generation is also presented. The current state of the research‐level photo‐ and electroreforming as a possible alternative to thermocatalytic reforming is reviewed and concludes with the future prospects for methanol reforming.

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