It is shown that doping of a Pd cluster
by Ag atoms can provide
an efficient catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling
reactions. We demonstrate this intriguing possibility by considering
a model reaction involving bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid as
reagents where the reaction involves oxidation, transmetallation,
and reduction steps. We have examined the reaction barriers of all
three steps for a conventional ligated Pd catalyst, a nearly icosahedral
Pd13 cluster, and a monosilver-doped Pd12Ag
cluster using gradient-corrected density functional theory. It is
observed that the reaction carried out on the Pd sites adjacent to
an Ag atom in a Pd12Ag cluster shows substantially lower
barriers for the oxidation and reduction steps compared to the conventional
ligated Pd catalyst and the pure Pd13 cluster. A detailed
analysis indicates that the Ag site donates charge to the neighboring
Pd site. While such a donation may have been expected to reduce the
barrier for the oxidative step, the lowering of the barrier for the
reduction step indicates that the respective sites not only act as
a donor but can also serve as an acceptor for the reduction step.
Furthermore, because of the differential donor–acceptor characteristic
of the Ag and Pd atoms, it is observed that the barrier heights of
the redox steps are primarily dependent on the chosen active site.
The calculated results show that by altering the atom (Ag or Pd) at
the active site of the reaction, the activation energies of the redox
steps can either be reduced or increased. This shows that the active
sites of a bimetallic cluster-like Pd12Ag can be utilized
to control the barrier heights of suitable chemical reactions. The
relative trend of the barrier heights for both clusters is also observed
to be predictable by the conceptual density functional theory. Previous
studies in our group have indicated that the reaction barriers for
Pd
n
clusters can be lowered by supporting
them on reduced graphene. We, therefore, propose that silver-doped
Pd
n
clusters may provide an even better
catalyst.