Parasitic nematodes
infect different species of animals and plants.
Root-knot nematodes are members of the genus
Meloidogyne
, which is distributed worldwide and parasitizes numerous plants,
including vegetables, fruits, and crops. To reduce the global burden
of nematode infections, only a few chemical therapeutic classes are
currently available. The majority of nematicides are prohibited due
to their harmful effects on the environment and public health. This
study was intended to identify new nematicidal natural products (NPs)
from the bacterial genus
Xenorhabdus
, which exists in symbiosis with
Steinernema
nematodes. Cell-free culture supernatants of
Xenorhabdus
bacteria were used for nematicidal bioassay, and high mortality
rates for
Caenorhabditis elegans
and
Meloidogyne javanica
were observed. Promoter exchange
mutants of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding nonribosomal peptide
synthetases (NRPS) or NRPS-polyketide synthase hybrids in
Xenorhabdus
bacteria carrying additionally a
hfq
deletion produce a single NP class, which have been
tested for their bioactivity. Among the NPs tested, fabclavines, rhabdopeptides,
and xenocoumacins were highly toxic to nematodes and resulted in mortalities
of 95.3, 74.6, and 72.6% to
C. elegans
and 82.0, 90.0, and 85.3% to
M. javanica
, respectively. The findings of such nematicidal NPs can provide
templates for uncovering effective and environmentally safe alternatives
to commercially available nematicides.