“…Therefore, tunnel stability evaluation is facing challenges i.e., rapid response, decision-making judgment, prevention and disposal, and the need for further in-depth optimization. At present, the research methods of tunnel stability can be summarized as the empirical, theoretical, experimental, and numerical analysis methods (Song et al, 2001;Osman et al, 2006;Son and Cording, 2008;Yang and Yang, 2009;Fraldi and Guarracino, 2010;Yang and Huang, 2013;Shiau and Al-Asadi, 2020;Song and Marshall, 2020;Tan et al, 2020;Tyagi et al, 2020;Yertutanol et al, 2020;Li L. P. et al, 2021;Pandit and Sivakumar, 2021;Liu et al, 2022a;Zhang et al, 2022a;Zhang Z. et al, 2022;Hao et al, 2022;Lu et al, 2022;Qin et al, 2022;Li et al, 2023;Xue et al, 2023). The primary purpose of these methods is to obtain more effective and accurate stability analysis results and provide a more reliable basis for the actual tunnel construction and operation decisions.…”