Method for identifying differences between existing food intake patterns and patterns that meet nutrition recommendations

Interaction of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Insertion-Deletion Polymorphism and Daily Salt Intake Influences Hypertension in Japanese Men

“…In the light of these observations, our results might be attributable to the effect of ACE I/D becoming more overt in overweight individuals who were under high salt intake. Alternatively, it may simply reflect the fact that salt and calorie intake in the food are correlated (53), and hypertension and overweight may occur simultaneously. The effect of the interaction between ACE I/D and salt intake on hypertension may thus be overrepresented in the overweight group.…”

Sodium reduction for hypertension prevention in overweight adults: further results from the Trials of Hypertension Prevention Phase II

“…The difficulty in reducing sodium intake by more than about one-third within the context of the current US food supply has been well documented. 21 The greatest difficulty is encountered in avoiding sodium that has already been added to processed or catered foods rather than in changing discretionary salting behaviors, [21][22][23] and this difficulty will generally be proportional to caloric intake because sodium and calorie levels in food are correlated. 21 Overweight individuals consume more calories as well as sodium compared to the nonoverweight and will, therefore, have more difficulty achieving a targeted lower sodium intake unless their calorie intake is also reduced.…”

“…21 The greatest difficulty is encountered in avoiding sodium that has already been added to processed or catered foods rather than in changing discretionary salting behaviors, [21][22][23] and this difficulty will generally be proportional to caloric intake because sodium and calorie levels in food are correlated. 21 Overweight individuals consume more calories as well as sodium compared to the nonoverweight and will, therefore, have more difficulty achieving a targeted lower sodium intake unless their calorie intake is also reduced. For example, the TOHP I participants, who had a baseline BMI of 27 kg/m 2 , had a baseline average sodium excretion of 155 mmol/24 h, 10 whereas the baseline sodium excretion in the TOHP II sodium reduction arm (mean BMI 31 kg/m 2 ) was 188 mmol/24 h. The similar reductions in sodium excretion at 18 months among the intervention participants in these two studies (eg, 55 mmol/24 h in TOHP I and 60 mmol/24 h in TOHP II) resulted in greater goal attainment in TOHP I (99 mmol/24 h in TOHP I) than in TOHP II (125 mmol/24 h).…”

Diet models with linear goal programming: impact of achievement functions

“…In literature also models are described with quadratic achievement functions. 22,[30][31][32] In a quadratic achievement function the (weighted) sum of squared unwanted deviations is minimized, which means that large deviations are penalized more than small deviations. 32 Quadratic achievement functions can find non-corner point solutions.…”