Method for the analysis of non-ortho substituted chlorobiphenyls in fish and marine mammals

Boer, Jacob de; Stronck, C.J.N.; Valk, F. van der; Wester, Piet W.; Daudt, M.J.M.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(92)90142-e

Cited by 48 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…For the final analysis, GC/MS with negative chemical ionization was used. For quantification, 13 C-labeled PCB congeners were used [18].…”

Section: Analyses Of Organic Microcontaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of metals, polycyclic (halogenated) aromatic hydrocarbons, and biocides in zebra mussel and eel from the rhine and meuse rivers

Hendriks¹,

Pieters²,

Boer³

1998

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Concentrations of heavy metals and various groups of organic microcontaminants were measured in zebra mussel and eel from the Rhine–Meuse basin. Residues in mussel from the Rhine and Meuse were on average 2.3 and 2.9 times higher than in those from the reference location of IJsselmeer. Total body burdens of organic microcontaminants in mussel and eel varied between 0.05 to 0.07 mmol/kg fat weight in six out of seven samples. The largest contribution in mussels and eel came from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), respectively. Concentrations of bromodiphenylethers, chlorobenzenes, chloronitrobenzenes, chloroterphenyls, and chlorobenzyltoluenes were lower. Total polybrominated biphenyl residues appear lower than total PCB levels. The largest chlorobiocide residues were noted for 4,4′‐DDE, toxaphene, trichlorophenylmethane, and γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane. An extraordinary high body burden of 1.2 mmol/kg fat weight, largely consisting of acenaphthene, was observed in one sample. Ratios of concentrations in organism fat and dry organic suspended solids varied between 1 and 10 for traditionally monitored organochlorines, independent of the octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow; for Kow < 106). The values did not deviate significantly from a value of about 3.3, expected for equilibrium partitioning of persistent chemicals. Lower values were observed for PAHs and some chloro(nitro)benzenes. Most ratios of concentrations in eel and mussel fat were within the range of 1 to 10, also largely independent of Kow. Yet, values tended to be higher at Kow > 106. Ratios below 1 were noted for pentabromodiphenylether, pentachloro(thio)anisol, chlorobenzyltoluenes, and some chloronitrobenzenes, chlorobiphenyls, and chlorobiocides. These field data confirm recent modeling efforts on bioconcentration and biomagnification. For heavy metals, atomic mass explained 67% of the variation in zebra mussel residues.

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“…For the final analysis, GC/MS with negative chemical ionization was used. For quantification, 13 C-labeled PCB congeners were used [18].…”

Section: Analyses Of Organic Microcontaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of metals, polycyclic (halogenated) aromatic hydrocarbons, and biocides in zebra mussel and eel from the rhine and meuse rivers

Hendriks¹,

Pieters²,

Boer³

1998

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…However, differences in the relative abundance of the three non‐ ortho congeners have been found very often. Thus, in Danish harbor seals [28], the concentrations decreased in the order PCB 126 » PCB77 = PCB 169;, while in unspecified types of dolphin [29] the order was PCB169 > PCB77 > PCB 126. The PCBs 77 and 126 are relatively more biodegradable than PCB 169 and are metabolized to a certain extent by microsomal enzymes [28,30].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isomer‐specific polychlorinated biphenyl determination in cetaceans from the mediterranean sea: Enantioselective occurrence of chiral polychlorinated biphenyl congeners

Jiménez

Jiménez²,

González³

2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Isomer-specific concentrations of 41 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the enantiomeric ratios (ER) of nine chiral PCBs were determined in the liver of four cetacean species-Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), and long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melaena)-found dead in the Mediterranean Sea. The total PCB concentration (sum of 41 congeners) ranged from 484 to 63,200 ng/g wet weight. The 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxic equivalents (TEQs), as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), ranged from 4.3 to 1,454 pg/g wet weight. The contribution of mono-ortho PCBs was consistently higher than non-ortho PCB congeners, in whale species, whereas in dolphins this predominance was not so clear. The PCB profiles were dominated by congeners 138, 153, and 180 in almost all the investigated samples. Comparison of PCB profiles by using principal component analysis allowed to separate the species into different groups. Polychlorinated biphenyls 170 and 180 seem to be eliminated by the two whale species, and PCB 180 also seems to be eliminated by Risso's dolphins. The PCBs 95, 132, 149, and 176 revealed an enantiomeric excess of the second eluted enantiomer in almost all the cetaceans investigated, where 136 and 174 were racemic or almost racemic. It is the first time that an enantiomeric excess of PCB 84 and 91 has been reported in biological samples. Although it was only possible to calculate them in two dolphin liver samples, the high values of enantiomeric excess found are surprising (86.3 and 32% for PCB 91 and 84, respectively).

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“…The often used adsorbents for the enrichment of non-ortho CBs are: charcoal/carbon dispersed on glass fiber or silica [82], porous graphitic carbon (HPLC grade) [83], and florisil or alumina [84,85]. A liquid chromatographic method using 2-(1-pyrenyl) ethyldimethylsilylated silica (PYE) in environmental analysis has been shown [86].…”

Section: Congener-specific Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Non- and Mono-ortho Chlorinated Biphenyls

Kannan¹

2000

Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds Part K

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a complex mixture, identified in every component of the global ecosystem. If potential toxicity, environmental prevalence, and potential risk to humans and wildlife are considered, non-and mono-ortho substituted chlorinated biphenyls become extremely important. They resemble 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in their biological action, causing hepato-, immuno-, reproductive, and dermal toxicities, and inducing mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzymes. This is the basis behind TCDD toxic equivalency (TEQs) as an approach towards risk assessment. Improvements in chromatographic techniques have yielded an array of analytical methods for these congeners that resulted in the determination of coplanar non-ortho and mono-ortho CBs in air, water, soil, and in organisms. Long range trans-hemispheric transportation of these substances in air and ocean currents have been demonstrated. Their contents in commercial PCBs have been studied and their formation during incineration is shown. Long term studies in river sediments demonstrate reductive dechlorination. PCB clearance from animals occurs both by non-metabolic and metabolic routes. Their flux in air, water, and sediments is estimated. OH reactions in the atmosphere is proposed as a principal source of loss along with permanent burial in marine and fresh water sediments.

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Method for the analysis of non-ortho substituted chlorobiphenyls in fish and marine mammals

Cited by 48 publications

References 14 publications

Accumulation of metals, polycyclic (halogenated) aromatic hydrocarbons, and biocides in zebra mussel and eel from the rhine and meuse rivers

Accumulation of metals, polycyclic (halogenated) aromatic hydrocarbons, and biocides in zebra mussel and eel from the rhine and meuse rivers

Isomer‐specific polychlorinated biphenyl determination in cetaceans from the mediterranean sea: Enantioselective occurrence of chiral polychlorinated biphenyl congeners

Non- and Mono-ortho Chlorinated Biphenyls

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