Method for the monetary quantification of failure risks in production

Separation Of Cadmium(II), Cobalt(II) And Nickel(II) By Transport Through Polymer Inclusion Membranes With Phosphonium Ionic Liquid As Ion Carrier / Separacja Jonów Kadmu(II), Kobaltu(II) I Niklu(II) W Procesie Transportu Przez Polimerowe Membrany Inkluzyjne Zawierające Fosfoniową Ciecz Jonową W Roli Przenośnika

“…The PIMs were prepared as described elsewhere [22][23][24][25][26][27]. The solutions of cellulose triacetate (CTA), the ion carrier (Cyphos IL 101), and the plasticizer, i.e.…”

“…The transport procedure has been described in previous papers [22][23][24][25][26][27]. The volumes of source and receiving phases were 100 cm 3 , respectively.…”

“…The membranes used in the present work were formed by casting cellulose triacetate (CTA) from the organic solution containing Cyphos IL 101 as the ion carrier and nitrophenyl pentyl ether (ONPPE) to form a thin, stable film. In this work, ONPPE was used as plasticizer because the earlier works [23,26] showed that very good stability of the membranes obtained with this kind of plasticizer. The source phase was composed of 0.01 M Cd(II), 0.01 M Ni(II), 0.01 M Co(II) in 0.1 M HCl.…”

“…Plasticizers have a dual role in membranes: improving membrane stability and properties such as flexibility and flux rates (diffusion) and additionally plasticizer is a solvent for the carrier [18][19][20][21][22]. Separation process of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions through PIMs containing different compounds as ion carriers was subject of the many investigations [23][24][25][26][27]. Literature survey revealed that the transport process of Cd(II) ions through PIMs have been also reported by many researchers, employing ion carriers, such as: Aliquat 336 [28], organophosphorus acids, i.e.…”