Method of machine reliability optimization using integral indicator
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Properties of Salicylidene-Aniline as a Corrosion Inhibitor in Oil and Petroleum Products Transportation Systems
Introduction. Risks of accidents and fires during transportation and pumping of oil and petroleum products is a significant problem of technosphere safety. The reasons may be leaks due to corrosion damage to pipelines, tanks and oil storage tanks. In view of the possible serious financial, environmental and social consequences of such incidents, it is important to constantly seek new, more effective approaches to preventing corrosion processes. It is obvious, for example, that at present not all chemical compounds capable of suppressing or inhibiting the destruction of metals and alloys have been thoroughly studied. The presented scientific work is partly aimed at overcoming the lack of data in this area. The objective is to investigate an insufficiently studied compound salicylidene-aniline, which can be a corrosion inhibitor similar to other nitrogen-containing compounds similar in structure and composition.Materials and Methods. The gravimetric method was used to study the inhibitory, adsorption and complexing properties of salicylidene-aniline. The experiments were carried out with St3 steel plates. The mass of metal samples without an inhibitor and with an inhibitor was recorded before and after exposure in the test media. The effect was determined by the change in the corrosion rate. When setting up experiments, the authors were guided by GOST 9.905–82 "Unified system of corrosion and ageing protection. Corrosion test methods. General requirements". The volume of the corrosive medium was determined according to GOST 9.506–87 "Unified system of corrosion and ageing protection. Corrosion inhibitors of metals in water-petroleum media. Methods of protective ability evaluation". The corrosion criteria were taken from GOST 9.908–85 "Unified system of corrosion and ageing protection. Metals and alloys. Methods for determination of corrosion and corrosion resistance indices". The calculations were based on the valuation principle, which sets the ratio of a multiplicative metrized linear order on a set of particular criteria. An integral indicator based on mathematical and methodological approaches was used for ranking.Results. The effect of hydrochloric acid medium on steel samples St3 was studied. Four concentrations of the inhibitor were taken: 0 %, 0.01 %, 0.1 %, and 0.2 %. The mass of metal samples without an inhibitor and with an inhibitor was recorded before and after exposure in the test media. The effect was determined by the change in the corrosion rate. The mass index of corrosion was calculated. The surface quality during destruction and corrosion inhibition was determined in five stages: the elements to be evaluated were selected, the purpose of the evaluation was formulated, the elements of the technical condition of the object under study were found, the essence of determining the usefulness or value of the criterion was described, and the essence of optimization was explained. The studied properties were ranked with respect to the multiplicative metrized linear order on a set of particular criteria. For the calculations, the task was set — to determine the components of vector B in accordance with one of the evaluation stages. We are talking about the stage when the usefulness or value of the criterion is analyzed by points on the numerical axis indicating the state of the object "better — worse". We constructed an indicator z approximating a known or specified (learning) matrix of paired relationships between objects. The resulting indicator allowed us to assess the technical condition of the surface during the course of corrosion and when it slowed down due to the addition of salicylidene-aniline. The result was obtained for samples with a surface area from 10.1∙10-4 m2 to 11.9∙10-4 m2. During the experiment, the mass of the metal decreased by 0.2–0.8 times with the inhibitor and almost by 3.5 times without it. The mass index of corrosion was recorded from 0.15 g/m2∙h to 0.48 g/m2∙h. At the same time, the protective ability of the inhibitor was quite high: the minimum was 77.4 %, the maximum was 94.8 %. This is a convincing indicator. It is also worth mentioning such an advantage of salicylidene-aniline as a low danger. Its hazard class is III (for comparison: the hazard class of aniline is a level higher — II).Discussion and Conclusion. The authors propose to use salicylidene-aniline as a means to increase the safe service life of oil pipelines and tanks. The potential of this composition as an effective corrosion inhibitor, highly soluble in oil and petroleum products, has been proven. Such properties of salicylidene-aniline as slow oxidation and moderate toxicity are noted.
Properties of Salicylidene-Aniline as a Corrosion Inhibitor in Oil and Petroleum Products Transportation Systems
Introduction. Risks of accidents and fires during transportation and pumping of oil and petroleum products is a significant problem of technosphere safety. The reasons may be leaks due to corrosion damage to pipelines, tanks and oil storage tanks. In view of the possible serious financial, environmental and social consequences of such incidents, it is important to constantly seek new, more effective approaches to preventing corrosion processes. It is obvious, for example, that at present not all chemical compounds capable of suppressing or inhibiting the destruction of metals and alloys have been thoroughly studied. The presented scientific work is partly aimed at overcoming the lack of data in this area. The objective is to investigate an insufficiently studied compound salicylidene-aniline, which can be a corrosion inhibitor similar to other nitrogen-containing compounds similar in structure and composition.Materials and Methods. The gravimetric method was used to study the inhibitory, adsorption and complexing properties of salicylidene-aniline. The experiments were carried out with St3 steel plates. The mass of metal samples without an inhibitor and with an inhibitor was recorded before and after exposure in the test media. The effect was determined by the change in the corrosion rate. When setting up experiments, the authors were guided by GOST 9.905–82 "Unified system of corrosion and ageing protection. Corrosion test methods. General requirements". The volume of the corrosive medium was determined according to GOST 9.506–87 "Unified system of corrosion and ageing protection. Corrosion inhibitors of metals in water-petroleum media. Methods of protective ability evaluation". The corrosion criteria were taken from GOST 9.908–85 "Unified system of corrosion and ageing protection. Metals and alloys. Methods for determination of corrosion and corrosion resistance indices". The calculations were based on the valuation principle, which sets the ratio of a multiplicative metrized linear order on a set of particular criteria. An integral indicator based on mathematical and methodological approaches was used for ranking.Results. The effect of hydrochloric acid medium on steel samples St3 was studied. Four concentrations of the inhibitor were taken: 0 %, 0.01 %, 0.1 %, and 0.2 %. The mass of metal samples without an inhibitor and with an inhibitor was recorded before and after exposure in the test media. The effect was determined by the change in the corrosion rate. The mass index of corrosion was calculated. The surface quality during destruction and corrosion inhibition was determined in five stages: the elements to be evaluated were selected, the purpose of the evaluation was formulated, the elements of the technical condition of the object under study were found, the essence of determining the usefulness or value of the criterion was described, and the essence of optimization was explained. The studied properties were ranked with respect to the multiplicative metrized linear order on a set of particular criteria. For the calculations, the task was set — to determine the components of vector B in accordance with one of the evaluation stages. We are talking about the stage when the usefulness or value of the criterion is analyzed by points on the numerical axis indicating the state of the object "better — worse". We constructed an indicator z approximating a known or specified (learning) matrix of paired relationships between objects. The resulting indicator allowed us to assess the technical condition of the surface during the course of corrosion and when it slowed down due to the addition of salicylidene-aniline. The result was obtained for samples with a surface area from 10.1∙10-4 m2 to 11.9∙10-4 m2. During the experiment, the mass of the metal decreased by 0.2–0.8 times with the inhibitor and almost by 3.5 times without it. The mass index of corrosion was recorded from 0.15 g/m2∙h to 0.48 g/m2∙h. At the same time, the protective ability of the inhibitor was quite high: the minimum was 77.4 %, the maximum was 94.8 %. This is a convincing indicator. It is also worth mentioning such an advantage of salicylidene-aniline as a low danger. Its hazard class is III (for comparison: the hazard class of aniline is a level higher — II).Discussion and Conclusion. The authors propose to use salicylidene-aniline as a means to increase the safe service life of oil pipelines and tanks. The potential of this composition as an effective corrosion inhibitor, highly soluble in oil and petroleum products, has been proven. Such properties of salicylidene-aniline as slow oxidation and moderate toxicity are noted.
Formation of Residual Stress Diagram after Quenching in a Magnetic Field
Introduction. After hardening, a product has residual stresses: structural and thermal. The magnitude of the total stresses in the finished part determines its crack resistance under the influence of operational loads. Quenching in a constant magnetic field affects the process of martensite nucleation, and the kinetics of martensite transformation, as well as the processes of martensite decomposition. However, there is currently no data available on how these changes in structure affect the stress diagram in a heat-treated product. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a constant magnetic field during hardening of iron-carbon alloys on the stress distribution across the cross-sectional area of parts.Materials and Methods. The studies were conducted on samples of technical iron, steel 45, and ferritic malleable cast iron. Cylindrical samples with a diameter of 16 mm and ring samples with an outer diameter of 20 and 55 mm were used. The samples were heated in an electric furnace or an induction heating lamp generator LZ-13, and quenched in water or mineral oil. A constant magnetic field with strength of 768 to 1600 kA/m during hardening was created in the bore of a FL-1 electromagnet. Residual stresses were determined using the original method developed by V.A. Blinovskii based on measuring bending deformations in hollow bodies of revolution.Results. The change in temperature on the surface, in the core, and the temperature difference across the cross-section of a cylindrical sample during cooling in water with and without a magnetic field was obtained. The distribution of stresses over the cross-section after quenching with and without a field for industrial iron in still water was studied. The stress distribution over the cross-section was studied after quenching in a field and without a field in calm water, as well as during spray cooling of steel 45 and ferritic ductile cast iron at different rates.Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained calculated and experimental data allowed us to evaluate possible changes in the residual stress diagrams under the influence of a magnetic field after quenching with volumetric and surface heating. A study of the kinetics of cooling in water under the influence of a magnetic field showed that the temperature difference across the cross-section remained practically unchanged, but there was a decrease in the cooling capacity of the water, which contributed to a reduction in the level of thermal stress. Hardening in a magnetic field led to a reduction of residual stresses in iron-carbon alloys. The change in the distribution of total residual stresses during magnetic tempering was due to a change in their structural component. The magnetic field influenced the distribution of structural, thermal and total residual stresses. The reason for the observed effects was the change in the structural state of steel and cast iron and the cooling ability of water-based quenching liquids under the influence of a magnetic field. The reduction of the level of residual stresses during heat treatment in a magnetic field reduced the likelihood of brittle fracture and cracking, led to a decrease in deformation and warping of hardened steels, and created favorable conditions for the operation of parts under conditions of alternating loads and abrasive friction.
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