Methodological Challenges in Studies Examining the Effects of Breakfast on Cognitive Performance and Appetite in Children and Adolescents

Adolphus, Katie; Bellissimo, Nick; Lawton, Clare; Ford, Neil B.; Rains, Tia M.; Zepetnek, Julia O. Totosy de; Dye, Louise

doi:10.3945/an.116.012831

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 138 publications

(230 reference statements)

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“…Thus, this carefully conducted study showed that breakfast consumption had no short-term effect on neuro-psychological functioning in healthy school-age children. More of these studies, along with studies of habitual breakfast consumption, are needed to confirm and extend these results [26] .…”

Section: Breakfast and Neuropsychological Functioningmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Firm conclusions about the acute effects of specific breakfast types were unable to be drawn [24] . Subsequent work by these authors reviewed methodological challenges associated with these types of studies [26] . From a systematic review on the effects of breakfast and breakfast composition on cognition in children and adolescents, firm conclusions could not be drawn since there were too few studies, and findings were inconsistent [24] .…”

Section: Breakfast and Neuropsychological Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breakfast Consumption versus Breakfast Skipping: The Effect on Nutrient Intake, Weight, and Cognition

O’Neil¹,

Nicklas²

2019

Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

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Breakfast has long been promoted as the most important meal of the day. However, the lack of standard definitions of breakfast, breakfast consumers, and breakfast skippers, and the lack of a description of how "important" the meal is, especially compared with other meals, has hampered the ability to confirm this long-held belief. This review discusses potential definitions of breakfast and breakfast skippers, and how these definitions can affect how researchers, nutrition educators, and policy makers interpret data and make recommendations. Overall, breakfast, especially meals including ready-to-eat cereal, contributes to overall nutrient intake and diet quality. However, the association of breakfast consumption and weight parameters or cognition in children is controversial. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and research gaps with breakfast studies are discussed. The question of whether breakfast is the most important meal of the day remains unanswered.

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Section: Breakfast and Neuropsychological Functioningmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Breakfast and Neuropsychological Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breakfast Consumption versus Breakfast Skipping: The Effect on Nutrient Intake, Weight, and Cognition

O’Neil¹,

Nicklas²

2019

Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

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“…Many studies have shown the proven positive impact of breakfast in appetite regulation [4] and in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes [53]. Despite all these facts, breakfast is frequently skipped, especially among the young generation, with almost 74% of female students being found to be skipping or irregularly consuming breakfast in Saudi Arabia [48].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Skipping Breakfast on the Body Weight of Children and Young People in Saudi Arabia; A Systematic Review

Alhilabi

Payne

2018

AJNE

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Aim: To review evidence on the impact of skipping breakfast on the body weight of children and young people of Saudi Arabia. Method: A systematic search of the Cochrane Library, EBSCO (AMED, MEDLINE, and CINAHL), Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed, and EMBASE was conducted in March 2018 to identify primary published research. Additional studies were identified by hand searching in other sources such as subject-specific journals and grey literature. Any observational study, published in the English language in the last 20 years (1998-2018), involving healthy children and/or young people (5-24 years) in Saudi Arabia was included and the effect of skipping breakfast on their body weight was evaluated. Pre-defined information was extracted from each study onto a data extraction form for evaluation, following the Cochrane method for undertaking a systematic review. Study quality was evaluated using a Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, of which seven graded weak in quality assessment, while one paper scored moderate. Six studies show that regular breakfast consumption has a protective effect against overweight/obesity, of which three studies tested the correlation, while controlling for confounding variables. Two of the eight studies demonstrated no significant correlation. Breakfast intake was also found to have a positive association with student's academic performance, with two out of three trials demonstrating a significant relationship, but in linking regular breakfast habit with socioeconomic status, no effect was found. Conclusion: The findings suggest that skipping breakfast is associated with a higher risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia and thus breakfast consumption is associated with a reduced risk of overweight and obesity. However, in view of the array of methods used to define breakfast skipping and overweight/obesity, as well as the less robust nature of observational studies we cannot conclusively assume this relationship, suggesting further more controlled studies are required. Key words: Obesity, overweight, breakfast, breakfast skipping, children, young people, Saudi Arabia.

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“…The current chapter does not aim to give an exhaustive overview of the literature on all these cognitive domains and how these can be assessed (for reviews, see e.g. Adolphus et al, 2017;Isaacs & Oates, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the effects of a healthy school lunch on cognitive performance in Dutch primary school children within the Healthy School Lunch project

Dijkstra¹,

Haar²,

Bergen³

et al. 2020

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Methodological Challenges in Studies Examining the Effects of Breakfast on Cognitive Performance and Appetite in Children and Adolescents

Cited by 27 publications

References 138 publications

Breakfast Consumption versus Breakfast Skipping: The Effect on Nutrient Intake, Weight, and Cognition

Breakfast Consumption versus Breakfast Skipping: The Effect on Nutrient Intake, Weight, and Cognition

The Impact of Skipping Breakfast on the Body Weight of Children and Young People in Saudi Arabia; A Systematic Review

Exploring the effects of a healthy school lunch on cognitive performance in Dutch primary school children within the Healthy School Lunch project

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