Methodological issues in research with refugees and immigrants.

Methodological issues in conducting research with refugee women: Principles for recognizing and re‐centering the multiply marginalized

“…Many researchers work towards developing accurate cultural understandings, creating guidelines for the construction of valid cross-cultural measures, obtaining accurate translation, achieving representative sampling, and conducting appropriate data analyses~e.g., Cauce et al, 1998;Cavusgil & Das, 1997;Lyons & Chryssochoou, 2000;McGorry, 2000;Peregrine et al, 1993;Pernice, 1994;Rogler, 1999;Sasao & Sue, 1993;Suzuki et al, 1999;Takooshian et al, 2001;Van de Vijver & Leung, 1997;Yelland & Gifford, 1995;Zea et al, 2003!. Although these efforts to conduct culturally appropriate research have varied in their success, issues of gender in this research rarely have been sufficiently addressed. Specifically, gender often is treated in a cursory manner that does not adequately acknowledge the complex role it plays in research with marginalized populations.…”

“…and improvement of quantitative methods to more accurately take cultural and linguistic differences into account~e.g., Cauce, Coronado, & Watson, 1998;Cavusgil & Das, 1997;Lyons & Chryssochoou, 2000;McGorry, 2000!. In addition, recent research has emphasized cultural competency~e.g., Hughes, Seidman, & Williams, 1993;Pernice, 1994;Sasao & Sue, 1993!, participant involvement~e.g., Hughes, Seidman, & Williams, 1993!, and the adequate methodological and analytical representation of cultural differences~e.g., Greenfield, 1997;Takooshian, Mrinal, & Mrinal, 2001; Van der Vijver & Leung, 1997;Zea, Reisen, & Diaz, 2003!. One important advance has been the recognition of the importance of using methods that do not assume that individuals from different cultural backgrounds share linguistic and conceptual meanings and understandings. Thus, qualitative methods have been used to cast light on the ways in which meaning is constructed within various cultural contexts~e.g., Suzuki et al, 1999!.…”

The Social Development of Immigrant Children: A Focus on Asian and Hispanic Children in the United States

“…The majority of standardized measures have been developed using Western, middle -class populations; these measures are culturally specifi c to the European American culture (Padilla & Borsato, 2008 ) but are assumed to be applicable to diverse immigrant populations (Pernice, 1994 ). However, this assumption may be invalid or should at least be empirically assessed.…”

“…Moreover, all translations should be completed with an established, comprehensive, multistep translation and validation process such as the translation and back -translation method in order to ensure the quality and accuracy of the translation (Harkness, 2003 ;Pena, 2007 ). The original and translated versions of the measures should demonstrate linguistic, functional, cultural, and metric equivalences to guard against validity threat (Pena, 2007 ;Pernice, 1994 ).…”

An Insider Viewpoint on Cultural Norms for Marriage and Mate Selection Relevant to Immigration Fraud Detection in South Asian International Arranged Marriages

“…Second, the focus group participant recruitment method involved social networking rather than only study advertisements or other methods that could have yielded a different group of key informants. Pernice (1994) noted the difficulty of accessing the specific segments of immigrant populations needed for research studies without outreach efforts involving members of their cultural communities.…”