“…Different from a traditional ecological risk assessment, a landscape ecological risk (LER) assessment can reveal the spatio-temporal heterogeneity and scale effects of ecological risks to provide a comprehensive characterization and spatial visualization of risks (Peng et al, 2015). Therefore, LER assessments have been widely used to explore the ecological risks of various regions with intensive human activity in recent years, including watersheds (Ersayin & Tagil, 2017; Xue et al, 2019), wetland and lake regions (Hou et al, 2020; Xie et al, 2013; Yang et al, 2017), coastal areas (Liu Feng et al, 2018; Yanes et al, 2019), and mining areas (Li et al, 2011; Peng et al, 2015). However, a few studies have focused on the LER induced by sprawl and urban expansion.…”