Methodologies for intra-sentential code-switching research

Munarriz-Ibarrola, Amaia; Couto, M. Carmen Parafita; Wyngaerd, Emma Vanden

doi:10.1075/lab.17082.mun

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Corpus analysis alone would make it more difficult to specify discourse-related conditions that constrain lexical triggering. This also speaks to the importance of investigating code-switching using multiple approaches (see Gullberg et al, 2009 ; Van Hell et al, 2015 , 2018 ; Beatty-Martínez et al, 2018 ; Munarriz-Ibarrola et al, 2018 ; Stadthagen-González et al, 2018 ; Valdés Kroff et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive Alignment and Lexical Triggering of Code-Switching in Bilingual Dialogue

Kootstra

Dijkstra²,

Hell

2020

Front. Psychol.

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When bilingual speakers use two languages in the same utterance, this is called code-switching. Previous research indicates that bilinguals' likelihood to code-switch is enhanced when the utterance to be produced (1) contains a word with a similar form across languages (lexical triggering) and (2) is preceded by a code-switched utterance, for example from a dialogue partner (interactive alignment/priming of codeswitching). Both factors have mostly been tested on corpus data and have not yet been studied in combination. In two experiments, we therefore investigated the combined effects of interactive alignment and lexical triggering on code-switching. In Experiment 1, Dutch-English bilinguals described pictures to each other in a dialogue game where a confederate's code-switching was manipulated. The participants were free to use either Dutch, English, or a combination of Dutch and English in describing the pictures, so they could voluntarily code-switch or not. The pictures contained a cognate [e.g., roos (rose)], a false friend [e.g., rok (skirt, false friend with rock)], or a control word [e.g., jas (coat)]. Participants code-switched more often when the confederate had just code-switched (indicating interactive alignment). They also code-switched more often when cognates were involved, but only when the confederate had just codeswitched. This indicates that lexical triggering is driven by interactive alignment. False friends did not enhance the likelihood of code-switching. Experiment 2 used a similar dialogue game with participants from the same population but focused specifically on how to account for interactive alignment of code-switching. Rather than aligning on their dialogue partner's pragmatic act of code-switching, bilinguals aligned on the language activation from the utterance produced by their dialogue partner. All in all, the results show how co-activation of languages at multiple levels of processing together influence bilinguals' tendency to code-switch. The findings call for a perspective on bilingual language production in which cross-speaker and cross-language processes are combined.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive Alignment and Lexical Triggering of Code-Switching in Bilingual Dialogue

Kootstra

Dijkstra²,

Hell

2020

Front. Psychol.

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“…The papers illustrate the importance of ensuring experimental work in the field is informed by insights obtained in more naturalistic circumstances, for example by creating experimental stimuli for psycholinguistic and neuroscientific experiments that are representative for the kinds of switching that are found in the real world in a particular language pair. Conversely, as bilingual corpora are generally small and unlikely to provide the necessary evidence about all switches that are possible in a language pair, experimental methods can help drive forward research into constraints on CS (Munarriz-Ibarrola et al, 2018;Treffers-Daller, 2021). As the current volume illustrates, making links between evidence from naturalistic and experimental approaches is not always straightforward, but the combination of insights from different disciplines can lead to the creation of innovative methods, which shed new light on the key problem of how bilinguals manage to keep their languages separate on some occasions while they can switch freely between languages when the situation allows it.…”

Section: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Approaches To Code-switchimentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Approaches to Code-Switching and Language Switching

2021

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“…Of comparable importance is to obtain reliable data on bilinguals' production and comprehension of specific switching patterns (cf. Dussias, 2002 ; Gullberg et al, 2009 ; Munarriz-Ibarrola et al, 2018 ; Lipski, 2019 ). Despite the descriptive richness and ecological validity of naturalistic production data, some researchers argue that corpus data is not exhaustive, that is, it is possible that counterexamples exist that are not attested in the corpus (see Gullberg et al, 2009 , for an overview).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Extralinguistic Aspects of Code-Switching: Evidence From Papiamentu-Dutch Auditory Sentence Matching

2020

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Despite a wealth of studies on effects of switch locations in code-switching (CS), we know relatively little about how structural factors such as switch location and extralinguistic factors such as directionality preferences may jointly modulate CS (cf., Stell and Yapko, 2015). Previous findings in the nominal domain suggest that within-constituent switching (within the noun phrase) may be easier to process than between-constituent switching (a structural effect), and that there may also be directionality effects with switches preferred only in one language direction (an extra-linguistic effect). In this study we examine a different domain, namely how VP-external (preverbal) vs. VP-internal (postverbal) switch location and switch directionality affects the processing of Papiamentu–Dutch mixed subject-verb-object (SVO) sentences. We manipulated switch location (preverbal/postverbal), and directionality of switch (PD/DP) and tested 50 Papiamentu–Dutch bilinguals on an auditory sentence matching task. The results from the mixed conditions showed no effect of switch location. Instead, we found only an effect of directionality and in an unexpected direction for this population, with switches from Dutch to Papiamentu being processed faster than switches from Papiamentu to Dutch regardless of switch location. The results highlight the importance of taking extralinguistic factors into account, but also the challenges of studying CS, particularly in lesser studied speech communities, and the need for a data-driven, cross-disciplinary approach to the study of CS.

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Methodologies for intra-sentential code-switching research

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Interactive Alignment and Lexical Triggering of Code-Switching in Bilingual Dialogue

Interactive Alignment and Lexical Triggering of Code-Switching in Bilingual Dialogue

Editorial: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Approaches to Code-Switching and Language Switching

Structural and Extralinguistic Aspects of Code-Switching: Evidence From Papiamentu-Dutch Auditory Sentence Matching

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