Methodology Applied to the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Dikes and Dams

Time-Frequency Methods for Structural Health Monitoring

“…Development of physical models could provide a robust solution for levee behaviour assessment [ 11 ], but these rarely include real-time health monitoring. For continuous dike monitoring two approaches are used: remote sensing by LiDAR [ 12 ] or by satellite [ 13 ] and by sensors installed inside the dike. The use of fibre optic cables for deformation analysis is described in [ 14 ].…”

Investigation of remote sensing for dike inspection

“…Geophysical exploration is concerned with measuring and mapping physical properties of the subsurface from the surface, in this case of the dike body and its foundations. The techniques enable larger areas or volumes to be investigated compared to conventional geotechnical testing and exploration, although the interpretation of geophysical measurements should be integrated with geotechnical measurements (Fargier et al, 2012;Niederleithinger et al, 2012;Royet et al, 2013). The geophysical methods that are receiving the most attention for dikes are electrical resistivity imaging or tomography, electromagnetic induction, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and seismics.…”

“…There are a wide range of sensors that have or are being developed and tested for dike inspection, monitoring and assessment. A standard classical measurement of groundwater levels in dikes makes use of standpipes or more sophisticated piezometers for pore water pressure measurements that may be used to indicate instability, (Fargier et al, 2012;Niederleithinger et al, 2012;Perri et al, 2014;van Leeuwen et al, 2007) Electromagnetic induction dike material composition/type, intrusions, material interfaces, water content (Bishop et al, 2003;Boukalová et al, 2009;Niederleithinger et al, 2012;Perri et al, 2014;Viganotti et al, 2013) Ground penetrating radar (GPR) intrusions, voids, discontinuities (Di Prinzio et al, 2010;Niederleithinger et al, 2012;Perri et al, 2014) Seismic lithological layers, bedrock depth (Lorenzo et al, 2014;Niederleithinger et al, 2012) seepage or groundwater flow (e.g., vibrating wire; Ng and Oswalt, 2010;Pengel et al, 2013). Other established sensor technologies used for geotechnical measurements which are investigated or used for dikes include voltmeters (connected to electrodes) for measuring self-potential indicative of water flow (Mooney et al, 2014;Ng and Oswalt, 2010;Rittgers et al, 2015); tensiometers for measuring soil water potential related to instability or seepage (Weller et al, 2014); inclinometers for local or global tilt indicting displacement or deformation (e.g., coaxial cable); strain and stress measuring devices (e.g., pressuremeters) and geophones and microphones (e.g., luisterbuis or listening tube) for passive seismic monitoring of vibrations and acoustic emissions related to seepage and internal erosion (Mooney et al, 2014;Rittgers et al, 2015;Weijers et al, 2009).…”

Gestión integral de obras hidráulicas de hormigón : del diagnóstico a la inversión

“…Por su parte, Fargier et al (2012) propone una metodología general de diagnóstico para presas de materiales sueltos y diques que se aplica en Électricité de France (EDF), la principal empresa de generación y distribución eléctrica de Francia. En ella se hace especial énfasis en los estudios específicos para el análisis del cuerpo de presa.…”

“…No se entra al detalle de las explicaciones que hace Fargier et al (2012) acerca de los estudios específicos porque solamente pueden implementarse en presas de materiales sueltos o diques del mismo tipo de material.…”