2004
DOI: 10.2515/therapie:2004055
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Methodology for Small Clinical Trials

Abstract: Small clinical trials are trials in which the number of patients does not enable the objective of the study to be appropriately met with the usual methodological rules. This situation is common in the case of rare diseases, in paediatrics, in certain cancer pathologies or when the number of patients exposed to the treatment needs to be limited. The principal methodological problems are initially identified, and the classical methods (controlled, randomised, double-blind trial using parallel groups, crossover t… Show more

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Cited by 11 publications
(16 citation statements)
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“…Strategies that have been proposed for enhancing statistical efficiency at the design phase for clinical evaluative studies of rare disease treatments include factorial trials and adaptive designs. Factorial trials are designed to test multiple treatments simultaneously using the same study population, thus reducing the overall number of participants needed [ 2 , 33 , 39 , 40 , 46 , 49 , 53 , 57 ]. For example, in a 2 × 2 factorial design participants are randomized to either treatment A or control group A, and then randomized again to treatment B or control group B, which effectively reduces the sample size needed to test these two treatments by 50% because the same participants are being randomized [ 40 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Strategies that have been proposed for enhancing statistical efficiency at the design phase for clinical evaluative studies of rare disease treatments include factorial trials and adaptive designs. Factorial trials are designed to test multiple treatments simultaneously using the same study population, thus reducing the overall number of participants needed [ 2 , 33 , 39 , 40 , 46 , 49 , 53 , 57 ]. For example, in a 2 × 2 factorial design participants are randomized to either treatment A or control group A, and then randomized again to treatment B or control group B, which effectively reduces the sample size needed to test these two treatments by 50% because the same participants are being randomized [ 40 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This free-choice paradigm (FCP) may be regarded as a modification of the ''adaptive response design'' [25], the ''early-escape design'' [26] and other adaptive strategies [27], but its essential difference is that patients have the full selection (step-up, stepdown) with every drug intake. It may offer an alternative approach to common drug test procedures, though its statistics have still to be established.…”
Section: Consequences For Clinical Trialsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such studies can in fact provide much stronger evidence than simple pre-post research designs or other studies lacking a comparison group, provided certain criteria are met. 7,8,23,24 With interrupted time series, key criteria include evidence (not assumption) of baseline and continuing stability of the trend line and rapid effect onset. 7,8,25 (Crossover and ABA designs are particularly strong and powerful for smaller samples if combined with randomization).…”
Section: Grading the Quality Of Cohort Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…7,8,25 (Crossover and ABA designs are particularly strong and powerful for smaller samples if combined with randomization). 9,24 Individual baseline and n of 1 studies are not incorporated into standard evidence grading or are assigned to low levels (grade 3 or 4), regardless of design or context. But is this always so?…”
Section: Grading the Quality Of Cohort Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%