Methods for Assessing Long-Term Exposures to Outdoor Air Pollutants

Hoek, Gerard

doi:10.1007/s40572-017-0169-5

Cited by 143 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Therefore, when considering the housing type of Koreans, changes in PM 2.5 concentrations based on height can be an important issue. Although PM 2.5 concentrations differ depending on the height of the apartment, matching the estimated values at ground level can cause the overestimation of ambient PM 2.5 exposures in epidemiological studies 12. Third, the exposure-risk function used in this study was obtained from the result of cohort studies conducted in North America.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CRAs for each disease caused by PM 2.5 are mainly derived from long-term cohort studies, and these results are used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of PM 2.5 for each disease 11. Because measurement of PM 2.5 concentrations has not been long worldwide, assessment of long-term exposure in epidemiological studies related to PM 2.5 exposure has been challenging 12. In the past, PM 2.5 exposure has been measured in several cities using routine ground monitoring, and health effects due to long-term exposures have been estimated in cohort studies 1314.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Premature Deaths Attributable to Long-term Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in the Republic of Korea

Kim

Park

et al. 2018

J Korean Med Sci

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BackgroundAmbient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is the major environmental health risk factor in Korea. Exposure to PM2.5 has been a growing public concern nationwide. With the rapid aging of the Korean population, the health effects attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5 were expected to increase further in the future. We aimed to estimate premature deaths attributable to long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 in Korea.MethodsA modelled estimation of long-term exposure to PM2.5 was used to calculate the nationwide exposure level. Hazard ratios of long-term exposure to PM2.5 were obtained from a large prospective cohort study in North America. Modified cause of death (CoD) data, which applied the garbage code reclassification algorithm, were used to calculate premature deaths attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2013, the average population-weighted PM2.5 concentration in Korea was 30.2 μg/m3. The estimated number of premature deaths was 17,203 (95% confidence interval [CI], 11,056–22,772). The most common CoD was ischemic stroke (5,382; 3,101–7,403), followed by cancer of trachea, bronchus, and lung (4,958; 2,857–6,820), hemorrhagic stroke (3,452; 1,989–4,748), and ischemic heart disease (3,432; 1,383–5,358).ConclusionPremature deaths due to long-term exposure to PM2.5 accounted for 6.4% of all deaths in Korea. However, individual efforts alone cannot prevent the effects of air pollution. This disease burden study can serve as a basis for the establishment of government policies and budgets and can be used to assess the effectiveness of environmental health policies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Premature Deaths Attributable to Long-term Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in the Republic of Korea

Kim

Park

et al. 2018

J Korean Med Sci

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“…The aforementioned hypothesis is reinforced by several previous studies. As reported by Hoek, the spatial stability of air pollution contrasts is a necessary assumption for application of recently developed models for long-term exposure [50]. The same author observed that, for traffic-related pollutants including PM, spatial stability can be expected [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…As reported by Hoek, the spatial stability of air pollution contrasts is a necessary assumption for application of recently developed models for long-term exposure [50]. The same author observed that, for traffic-related pollutants including PM, spatial stability can be expected [50]. Moreover, the assumption that within-city spatial patterns remain constant over the years, also when mean concentrations of air pollutants change over time, has been made within the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) [51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Particulate Matter on the Incidence of Respiratory Diseases in the Pisan Longitudinal Study

Fasola

Maio

Baldacci

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The current study aimed at assessing the effects of exposure to Particulate Matter (PM) on the incidence of respiratory diseases in a sub-sample of participants in the longitudinal analytical epidemiological study in Pisa, Italy. Three hundred and five subjects living at the same address from 1991 to 2011 were included. Individual risk factors recorded during the 1991 survey were considered, and new cases of respiratory diseases were ascertained until 2011. Average PM 10 and PM 2.5 exposures (µg/m 3 , year 2011) were estimated at the residential address (1-km 2 resolution) through a random forest machine learning approach, using a combination of satellite data and land use variables. Multivariable logistic regression with Firth's correction was applied. The median (25th-75th percentile) exposure levels were 30.1 µg/m 3 (29.9-30.7 µg/m 3 ) for PM 10 and 19.3 µg/m 3 (18.9-19.4 µg/m 3 ) for PM 2.5 . Incidences of rhinitis and chronic phlegm were associated with increasing PM 2.5 : OR = 2.25 (95% CI: 1.07, 4.98) per unit increase (p.u.i.) and OR = 4.17 (1.12, 18.71) p.u.i., respectively. Incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with PM 10 : OR = 2.96 (1.50, 7.15) p.u.i. These results provide new insights into the long-term respiratory health effects of PM air pollution.

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“…(2) lack of the assessment of the indoor air quality [4,5], as most of the models dismiss the difference between the indoor/outdoor pollution and essentially use the outdoor air pollution as a proxy for overall exposure [6,7]; (3) static spatio-temporal approach to the exposure assessment based mostly on residential address and without taking into consideration individuals' mobility throughout the day [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Approaches to Air Pollution Exposure and Clinical Outcomes Assessment in Environmental Health Studies

et al. 2020

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An accurate assessment of pollutants’ exposure and precise evaluation of the clinical outcomes pose two major challenges to the contemporary environmental health research. The common methods for exposure assessment are based on residential addresses and are prone to many biases. Pollution levels are defined based on monitoring stations that are sparsely distributed and frequently distanced far from residential addresses. In addition, the degree of an association between outdoor and indoor air pollution levels is not fully elucidated, making the exposure assessment all the more inaccurate. Clinical outcomes’ assessment, on the other hand, mostly relies on the access to medical records from hospital admissions and outpatients’ visits in clinics. This method differentiates by health care seeking behavior and is therefore, problematic in evaluation of an onset, duration, and severity of an outcome. In the current paper, we review a number of novel solutions aimed to mitigate the aforementioned biases. First, a hybrid satellite-based modeling approach provides daily continuous spatiotemporal estimations with improved spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km2 and 200 × 200 m2 grid, and thus allows a more accurate exposure assessment. Utilizing low-cost air pollution sensors allowing a direct measurement of indoor air pollution levels can further validate these models. Furthermore, the real temporal-spatial activity can be assessed by GPS tracking devices within the individuals’ smartphones. A widespread use of smart devices can help with obtaining objective measurements of some of the clinical outcomes such as vital signs and glucose levels. Finally, human biomonitoring can be efficiently done at a population level, providing accurate estimates of in-vivo absorbed pollutants and allowing for the evaluation of body responses, by biomarkers examination. We suggest that the adoption of these novel methods will change the research paradigm heavily relying on ecological methodology and support development of the new clinical practices preventing adverse environmental effects on human health.

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Methods for Assessing Long-Term Exposures to Outdoor Air Pollutants

Cited by 143 publications

References 106 publications

Premature Deaths Attributable to Long-term Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in the Republic of Korea

Premature Deaths Attributable to Long-term Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in the Republic of Korea

Effects of Particulate Matter on the Incidence of Respiratory Diseases in the Pisan Longitudinal Study

Novel Approaches to Air Pollution Exposure and Clinical Outcomes Assessment in Environmental Health Studies

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