Methods for Assessing Surface Cleanliness

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816081-7.00003-6

Cited by 15 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 377 publications

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“…The SEM equipment was used to provide microscopic images of the samples required to analyse the surface area of the tested samples. The SEM test was conducted according to the procedures described by Kohli and Mittal [37]. For the electron beam to yield feasible data, the conductivity of the samples had to be enhanced.…”

Section: Catalyst Preparation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of heterogeneous catalyst from assorted periwinkle snail shells for sustainable biodiesel synthesis

Ogunkunle,

Laseinde

2023

E3S Web Conf.

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Owing to the environmental friendliness of biodiesel compared to fossil fuels, its application in internal combustion engines has gained wide recognition. The biodiesel industry requires effective heterogeneous catalysts developed from agricultural biomass/residues due to their overall cost-effectiveness, recoverability, and reusability. Scientific reports on developing active heterogeneous catalysts from periwinkle snail shells for application in transesterification reactions are limited, as there is no evidence of stability test results for the catalyst’s structural and elemental composition analysis. Also, there is a deficit of information on the catalytic effect on biodiesel yields. This research developed a heterogeneous catalyst derived from periwinkle snail shells (PSS) for biodiesel production. Pulverized PSS were sieved through several apertures to separate the samples into different particle sizes, viz. 250 mm, 500mm, and 1000 mm. The samples were calcined in an electric furnace at 500 oC for 3 and 5 hrs. The calcined catalyst samples were characterized using XRD, SEM, and EDS. Purified WCO was transesterified using the CPSS with the highest metallic oxides percentage under different experimental levels. All the CPSS samples exhibited a change in colour and weight loss after the calcination period. XRD observations revealed that calcium oxide (CaO) is the principal constituent of the calcined PSS (CPSS). The results showed that the highest (93%) traces of CaO was found in PSS 500 mm size calcined at 500 oC for 5 hrs. EDS results showed that the same sample had the highest calcium (Ca) composition with a weight percent of 57.38%. The highest biodiesel yield of 94.6% was obtained at optimum conditions of 70 oC reaction temperature, 9:1 molar ratio, 60 minutes reaction period, and catalyst content of 3 wt%. It was observed that biodiesel yields decreased when the catalyst concentration increased beyond 3wt%. Compared to the same amount of homogeneous catalyst, KOH, an average biodiesel yield of 90% was recorded from the same transesterification reaction conditions. The development of heterogeneous catalysts from PSS was established as a cost-effective means of catalyzing transesterification reactions and obtaining high biodiesel yields from WCO with the prospects of possible catalyst recovery and reuse.

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Section: Catalyst Preparation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of heterogeneous catalyst from assorted periwinkle snail shells for sustainable biodiesel synthesis

Ogunkunle,

Laseinde

2023

E3S Web Conf.

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Fabrication of a Simple and Cheap Screen‐printed Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) Quasi‐reference Electrode

Oliveira¹,

Resende

Ferreira

et al. 2021

Electroanalysis

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In this work, a silver/silver chloride ink is fabricated using two steps. First the silver ink is prepare using silver, nail polish and acetone. Then the silver ink is painted in a paper substrate and a silver chloride layer is deposited using a bleach solution. The result is the silver/ silver chloride conductive ink. The silver ink is cheap ($2.49/g), well-dispersive and very easy to fabricate. The materials were characterized by SEM and XRD. The Ag ink showed the formation of a continuous network throughout the silver ink film with fewer agglomeration.The effective chlorination process was also observed in the Ag/AgCl characterization. Since the Ag/AgCl substrate will be used as a quasi-reference electrode, it is important to investigate the electrical properties. The Ag ink showed an average ohmic resistance of 2.27 Ω. The addition of the AgCl layer decreases the conductivity, as expected. In summary, the Ag/Ag/Cl ink developed is simple, well-dispersed, cheap and with good conductivity. Therefore, it can be used as a conductive ink in the fabrication of quasi-reference electrodes.

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Analysis of Defects

Gurylev

2021

Nanostructured Photocatalyst via Defect Engineering

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Methods for Assessing Surface Cleanliness

Cited by 15 publications

References 377 publications

Development of heterogeneous catalyst from assorted periwinkle snail shells for sustainable biodiesel synthesis

Development of heterogeneous catalyst from assorted periwinkle snail shells for sustainable biodiesel synthesis

Fabrication of a Simple and Cheap Screen‐printed Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) Quasi‐reference Electrode

Analysis of Defects

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