Methods for household waste composition studies

Household Waste Generating Factors and Composition Study for Effective Management in Gorkha Municipality of Nepal

“…The questionnaire was tested before finalizing for collecting data that took place from November to December 2015. Although the local seasonal variation of waste generation should be reflected (Dahlén & Lagerkvist, 2008); study conducted by JICA (2005) found no significant differences in per capita waste generation between dry and wet seasons by the HHs in KMC, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (LSMC) and Madhyapur Thimi municipality of Nepal. Therefore, this study does not consider waste generation in different seasons.…”

“…Each HH was given two disposable containers (polythene bags), which was numbered and was asked to segregate organic (food/kitchen waste including wet paper, leaves, tree branches, wood waste, and agricultural waste) and other waste types (all others including dry paper) for a period of one week, after providing proper training on waste sorting. It is assumed that weekly data (Dahlén & Lagerkvist, 2008;Gu et al, 2015) and inclusion of all 15 wards provide much more robust output than one day data covering only few selected municipality wards which previous studies (ADB, 2013;SWMRMC, 2004SWMRMC, , 2008) relied on. To determine the amount and composition of HH waste, collecting waste at generation site and directly hand sorting method was adopted, which is known to be the most accurate method for reliable data collection (Gu et al, 2015).…”

“…Different method of waste categorization makes analysis incomparable, which is true even for nationally aggregated figures that may overlook significant differences among cities in the same country (Aleluia & Ferrão, 2016). Using similar waste components for classification and usually not more than 10 categories is recommended to reduce risk of misunderstanding and be useful for comparison (Dahlén & Lagerkvist, 2008). Thus, following most recent study by ADB (2013), this study categorizes waste into 8 types: organic, metal, paper and paper products, plastic, glass, textile, rubber and leather, and others.…”

Komunalinių atliekų tvarkymo struktūrinė analizė

“…Atliekų susidarymas, jų rūšiavimas susidarymo šaltinyje tiesiogiai priklauso nuo asmenų, kurie "pagamina" atliekas arba daro poveikį jų susidarymui dėl asmeninių prioritetų, savybių, įpročių, išsilavinimo, bendrosios ir vartojimo kultūros, statuso visuomenėje, socialinės atsakomybės, įsi-galėjusių normų, ekonominių, politinių, socialinių ir kitų veiksnių. Mokslininkai tyrinėja visuomenės ir atskirų jos grupių elgseną ir poveikį jai, susijusį su atliekų prevencija ir tinkamu atliekų rūšiavimu susidarymo vietoje (Aberg 1996;Davies et al 2002;Robinson, Read 2005;Saphores et al 2006;Barr 2007;Tudor et al 2008;Hage et al 2009;Dahlen, Lagerkvist 2008;Podgaiskytė, Vaitiekūnas 2009;Fell 2010), tačiau vieningos nuomonės šiuo klausimu nėra. Pagrindiniai argumentai -asmenų veiksmus ir motyvus sunku vertinti dėl įtakos veiksnių, kurie dažnai net nesusiję su atliekomis ar aplinkos apsauga , įvairovės.…”

E-Waste in Gaborone, Botswana—Assessing the Generation, Handling Practices, and Strategies for Improvement

“…Proposed improvements commonly revolve around abridged forms of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept. However, these studies often lack quantitative data on the generation of different types of WEEE (Chancerel & Rotter, 2009) and accurate statistics on the amounts ending up in landfills is particularly scarce for many African countries (Ongondo et al, 2010), two fundamental characteristics needed for developing suitable waste management systems (Dahlén & Lagerkvist, 2008).…”