Methods for pregnancy determination and the effects of body condition on pregnancy status in Rocky mountain elk ( )

Willard, Scott T.; Sasser, R.G.; Gillespie, J.C.; Jaques, John T.; Welsh, T. H.; Randel, R. D.

doi:10.1016/0093-691x(94)90857-5

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Further, mass typically increases with age until reproductive senescence occurs (Bender et al 2003). Our results thus support other general conclusions that show that cows in better condition (i.e., more total mass, fat, muscle) or more dominant cows (usually larger) are more likely to be pregnant (Clutton-Brock et al 1982;Frisch 1984;Hudson and Haigh 2002;Cook et al 2004), and refute others that say mass has no effect on pregnancy (Willard et al 1994 Nahlik and Sandor 2003]) has similarly found that size or total body reserves are important in pregnancy and total reproductive effort (i.e., numbers of offspring successfully produced).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Factors Affecting Pregnancy in Free-ranging Elk, <em>Cervus elaphus nelsoni</em>, in Michigan

2009

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Uncertainty exists as to which factors are most closely related to probability of pregnancy in Elk (Cervus elaphus), which thresholds are key for managers who want to assess the potential productivity of free-ranging Elk herds, and whether these thresholds vary among populations. We examined relationships among pregnancy, age, and mass for 513 harvested freeranging Elk in Michigan, and compared relationships with other published models and with thresholds derived from other free-ranging and penned populations to see if relationships were consistent among populations. Pregnancy rates varied (χ 2 2 = 136.3; P < 0.0001) among yearling (0.30), prime-aged (2.5-11.5-year-olds; 0.88), and old (> 12.5-year-olds; 0.60) cows. Probability of pregnancy in adult cows was related to mass (χ 2 = 7.4; P = 0.006), age (χ 2 = 12.6; P = 0.0004) and age class (χ 2 = 16.4; P < 0.0001), but not to lactation status (χ 2 = 0.4; P = 0.515); pregnancy was also positively related (χ 2 = 15.8; P < 0.0001) to mass in yearlings. Probability of pregnancy increased 1.02× and 1.04× for each 1 kg increase in body mass of adult and yearling cows, respectively, and prime-aged cows were 4.9× more likely to conceive than old cows. Compared to thresholds derived primarily from penned or farmed Elk, both adult and yearling free-ranging Elk in Michigan and elsewhere were able to achieve higher levels of pregnancy at lower body mass. Thresholds also varied among free-ranging Elk populations. Given variation among populations, managers should calibrate mass-pregnancy relationships for their respective populations to determine whether condition is potentially limiting pregnancy in their populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Factors Affecting Pregnancy in Free-ranging Elk, <em>Cervus elaphus nelsoni</em>, in Michigan

2009

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“…Antigens serologically similar to PSPB and PAG1 have been found in other ruminants, including mule and whitetailed deer [23,24], mountain goats [25], red deer [26], French alpine goats [27], bison [28], moose [29], elk [30], fallow deer [31], and sika deer [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein Family from the Goat Placenta1

Garbayo

Rémy

Alabart³

et al. 1998

Biology of Reproduction

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Antigen(s) immunologically related to pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) have previously been detected in the serum of pregnant goats. In this work, we describe a partial characterization of a family of PAGs isolated from the placenta of the goat. The procedure, monitored by RIA, included extraction of proteins at neutral pH, acidic, and ammonium sulfate precipitations; and gel filtration and ion exchange chromatographies. Immunoreactivity, initially located in the acidic supernatant and in the 40-80% ammonium sulfate fractions, was equally apportioned between the 0.04 and 0.08 M NaCl DEAE fractions. After further purification of both DEAE fractions, the preparations were subjected to one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, and individual polypeptides were analyzed by amino acid sequencing. Three PAGs, which differed in amino acid sequence and apparent molecular masses (62, 59, and 55 kDa), were detected, each containing several isoforms with different pls: caprine (c) PAG62 (pl: 5.1, 4.8), cPAG59 (pl: 6.2, 5.9, 5.6), and cPAG55 (pl: 5.3, 5.1, 4.9). These proteins had high sequence identities to each other and to PAGs purified from other species. Each had two putative N-glycosylation sites within the 27 amino terminal residues sequenced. This work demonstrates that PAGs are present in goat placenta and that multiple forms are expressed.

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“…Moreover, heterologous PAG tests were also useful for pregnancy diagnoses in wild ruminants, i.e. wood bison [107], moose [108], rocky mountain elk [109], white-tailed deer [110,111], mule deer [111], red deer [112], sika deer [113], fallow deer [114,115], mountain goat [116] and Alpine goats [117][118][119]. The measurement of PAG protein concentrations in maternal blood or milk of ruminants allow for 76.6-100% accuracy rates for early pregnancy diagnoses [120,121] and provide an alternative method to ultrasonography for determining late embryonic mortality [96,122].…”

Section: Pregnancy Diagnostic Pag Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiversity of multiple Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein (PAG) family: gene cloning and chorionic protein purification in domestic and wild eutherians (Placentalia) – a review

2006

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-This review presents a broad overview of chorionic glycoproteins encoded by the Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein (PAG) gene family and also serves to illustrate how the recent discovery of the PAG family has contributed to our general knowledge of genome evolution, placental transcription and placental protein expression. The complex and large PAG family is restricted to the Artiodactyla order, although single PAG-like genes have also been identified in species outside the Artiodactyla. The PAGs are members of the aspartic proteinase (AP) superfamily. Unexpectedly, however, some members of the PAG family possess amino acid substitutions within and around the active site that likely render them unable to act as proteinases. This paper summarises the available information regarding biodiversity of PAG gene expression based on cDNA cloning, mRNA localisation studies and the structural organisation of the PAG genes with a particular emphasis on PAG promoters. It also compares available data regarding PAG protein purifications, sequencing and their N-glycodiversity. Finally, it discusses the scientific relevance, possible functional roles of the PAGs and describes possible profitable applications related to the detection of PAG proteins in the blood of pregnant domestic and wild species. chorionic glycoproteins / eutherian PAG family / diagnostic PAG markers

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Methods for pregnancy determination and the effects of body condition on pregnancy status in Rocky mountain elk ( )

Cited by 27 publications

References 24 publications

Factors Affecting Pregnancy in Free-ranging Elk, <em>Cervus elaphus nelsoni</em>, in Michigan

Factors Affecting Pregnancy in Free-ranging Elk, <em>Cervus elaphus nelsoni</em>, in Michigan

Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein Family from the Goat Placenta1

Biodiversity of multiple Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein (PAG) family: gene cloning and chorionic protein purification in domestic and wild eutherians (Placentalia) – a review

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