Methods for Reducing Lead Exposure in Young Children and Other Risk Groups: An Integrated Summary of a Report to the U.S. Congress on Childhood Lead Poisoning

Mushak, Paul; Crocetti, Annemarie F.

doi:10.2307/3430908

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Thus, short-term observation tests alone (such as the FETAX assay) will fail to detect late-developing malformations as well as the teratogenicity of lower concentrations of lead, and may result in the setting of inappropriately liberal regulatory standards. In fact, the consensus of scientific opinion is that human exposure to lead must be reduced below the current EPA standards (Mushak & Crocetti, 1990;Shibamoto & Bjeldanes, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teratogenesis induced by short and long‐term exposure ofxenopus laevisprogeny to lead

Sobotka

Rahwan

1995

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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Short-term (96-h) tests on Xenopus laevis embryos are advocated for rapid screening of teratogens, as an alternative to the use of mammals. The objective of the present investigation was to determine whether extending the short-term tests beyond 96 h would detect the teratogenicity of chemicals that would otherwise be missed by the short-term tests. Lead teratogenicity was examined in Xenopus, using lead concentrations of 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/L, which bracket the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maximum allowable concentration of 0.05 mg/L in water. Short-term exposure times were 72 or 96 h, starting on d 1, 2, or 3 postfertilization, while long-term exposure covered d 1 through metamorphosis. Short-term exposure resulted in neural tube defects (when exposure included d 1 and/or d 2) and tail curvatures, but only at the higher lead concentrations (1 and 3 mg/L). Lower lead concentrations produced no malformations upon short-term exposure, and this corresponded with the absence of tissue lead uptake. On the other hand, long-term exposure to lead (> 3 wk) resulted in the delayed appearance of lordoscoliosis at low lead concentrations (0.02-0.1 mg/L). The delayed appearance of lordoscoliosis corresponded roughly with the attainment of stable lead tissue levels, and this malformation persisted after metamorphosis. Thus, short-term observation tests alone may fail to detect the teratogenicity of low concentrations of environmental chemicals, and may result in the setting of inappropriately liberal exposure standards.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teratogenesis induced by short and long‐term exposure ofxenopus laevisprogeny to lead

Sobotka

Rahwan

1995

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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“…The NHANES III dataset continues to show the highest PbB levels in larger cities among people of color and the poor. Further, the steep decline in PbB levels took place in the absence of any significant effort to abate unsound, lead-painted houses (38). Consequently, the primary source of information used by Congress to derive lead Environmental Health Perspectives * Vol 106, Supplement 1 * February 1998 Table 3.…”

Section: Does a High-dose Source Meanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazard Screening of Chemical Releases and Environmental Equity Analysis of Populations Proximate to Toxic Release Inventory Facilities in Oregon

Neumann¹,

Forman²,

Rothlein³

1998

Environmental Health Perspectives

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This review shows the equal or greater importance of leaded gasoline-contaminated dust compared to lead-based paint to the child lead problem, and that soil lead, resulting from leaded gasoline and pulverized lead-based paint, is at least or more important than lead-based paint (intact and not pulverized) as a pathway of human lead exposure. Because lead-based paint is a high-dose source, the biologically relevant dosage is similar to lead in soil. Both lead-based paint and soil lead are associated with severe lead poisoning. Leaded gasoline and lead in food, but not lead-based paint, are strongly associated with population blood lead levels in both young children and adults. Soil lead and house dust, but not lead-based paint, are associated with population blood lead levels in children. Most soil lead and house dust are associated with leaded gasoline. Lead-based paint dust is associated with cases of renovation of either exterior or interior environments in which the paint was pulverized. Based upon the limited data to date, abatement of soil lead is more effective than abatement of lead-based paint in reducing blood lead levels of young children. About equal numbers of children under 7 years of age are exposed to soil lead and lead-based paint. Seasonality studies point to soil lead as the main source of population blood lead levels. Soil lead is a greater risk factor than lead-based paint to children engaged in hand-to-mouth and pica behavior. In summary, soil lead is important for addressing the population of children at risk of lead poisoning. When soil lead is acknowledged by regulators and the public health community as an important pathway of human lead exposure, then more effective opportunities for improving primary lead prevention can become a reality.

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“…9 Despite these uncertainties, racial disparities in medical care are particularly troubling for at least two reasons: the possibility that they reflect discrimination or racial bias on the part of physicians and their potentially deleterious effects on health outcomes. The article by Chen et al 10 in this issue of the Journal provides information relevant to both of these points and represents an advance in our understanding of racial disparities in medical care. Approximately 40,000 Medicare beneficiaries who were hospitalized in 1994 or 1995 with acute myocardial infarction were followed to assess whether they had undergone cardiac catheterization within 60 days after hospital admission and to determine their rates of death during the ensuing 3 years.…”

Section: Racial Disparities In Medical Carementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rogan et al emphasize the importance of the primary prevention of lead poisoning, which is the only satisfactory solution to this devastating problem. The predominant source of toxic exposure to lead for children in urban areas is lead paint, 10 but far less substantial toxicity may be due to other sources, such as tap water contaminated by lead pipes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Prevention of Childhood Lead Poisoning — The Only Solution

Rosen¹,

Mushak²

2001

N Engl J Med

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Methods for Reducing Lead Exposure in Young Children and Other Risk Groups: An Integrated Summary of a Report to the U.S. Congress on Childhood Lead Poisoning

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Teratogenesis induced by short and long‐term exposure ofxenopus laevisprogeny to lead

Teratogenesis induced by short and long‐term exposure ofxenopus laevisprogeny to lead

Hazard Screening of Chemical Releases and Environmental Equity Analysis of Populations Proximate to Toxic Release Inventory Facilities in Oregon

Primary Prevention of Childhood Lead Poisoning — The Only Solution

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