Methods for Studying the Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases and Pathogens

Campos‐Herrera, Raquel; Lacey, Lawrence A.

doi:10.1002/9781119256106.ch2

Cited by 5 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Besides temperature and humidity, key factors for the EPF reproduction and activity [ 36 ], soil properties that provide the microhabitat conditions associated with the EPF are very important. Several authors have discussed how soil properties can affect the EPF natural occurrence [ 21 , 36 , 43 , 71 , 72 ]. The soil pH and soil organic matter content were the two soil properties that mainly explained the variability of the EPF and EPN species included in our multivariate linkages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, we baited the untreated and pre-dried soil samples following Zimmerman [ 12 ] and Meyling [ 13 ] procedures. First, the untreated soil samples employed in this study were the same as described by Campos-Herrera et al [ 46 ], but separating the dead insect larvae which confirmed nematode emergences from those with signs of fungal death [ 21 , 48 ]. Second, the pre-dried soil samples were first lightly dried at 35 °C over a week to avoid any EPN infestation [ 43 ], then remoistened to half field capacity with distilled water [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the expectation of recovering additional EPF species [ 15 ], some studies have employed other insects such as Tenebrio mollitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) or combination of different hosts [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Other studies have used soil dilution and selective media to isolate EPF from soil [ 20 , 21 ]. Although alternative selective media recipes that lack dodine (N–dodecylguanidinemonoacetate) have been suggested [ 22 ], this fungicide, in combination with other antibiotics, is commonly used to isolate EPF and minimize contamination [ 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies have used soil dilution and selective media to isolate EPF from soil [ 20 , 21 ]. Although alternative selective media recipes that lack dodine (N–dodecylguanidinemonoacetate) have been suggested [ 22 ], this fungicide, in combination with other antibiotics, is commonly used to isolate EPF and minimize contamination [ 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Combinations of insect-baits and selective media procedures are recommended to capture a wider range of EPF species [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once isolated, fungal classification is often based on morphologic/morphometrical examinations that can be inaccurate when resolving closely related species. However, molecular tools are increasingly available for identification [ 21 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns of Occurrence and Activity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Algarve (Portugal) Using Different Isolation Methods

Bueno-Pallero

Blanco-Pérez

Vicente-Díez

et al. 2020

Insects

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Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are distributed in natural and agricultural soils worldwide. To investigate EPF occurrence in different botanical habitats and soil-ecoregions, we surveyed 50 georeferenced localities in the spring of 2016 across the Algarve region (South Portugal). Additionally, we compared three EPF isolation methods: insect baiting in untreated or pre-dried-soil and soil dilution plating on a selective medium. We hypothesized that forest habitats (oak and pine semi-natural areas) and the acidic soil ecoregion may favor EPF occurrence. Overall, EPF species were present in 68% of sites, widely distributed throughout the Algarve. The use of selective media resulted in higher recovery of EPF than did either soil-baiting method. Contrary to our hypothesis, neither vegetation type nor ecoregion appeared to influence EPF occurrence. Traditional and molecular methods confirmed the presence of five EPF species. Beauveria bassiana (34% of sites), was the most frequently detected EPF, using pre-dried soil baiting and soil dilution methods. However, baiting untreated soil recovered Fusarium solani more frequently (26% of sites), demonstrating the utility of using multiple isolation methods. We also found Fusarium oxysporum, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Metarhizium anisopliae in 14%, 8% and 2% of the sites, respectively. Three abiotic variables (pH, soil organic matter and Mg) explained 96% of the variability of the entomopathogen community (EPF and entomopathogenic nematodes) in a canonical correspondence analysis, confirming the congruence of the soil properties that drive the assemblage of both entomopathogens. This study expands the knowledge of EPF distribution in natural and cultivated Mediterranean habitats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns of Occurrence and Activity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Algarve (Portugal) Using Different Isolation Methods

Bueno-Pallero

Blanco-Pérez

Vicente-Díez

et al. 2020

Insects

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Earthworms and their cutaneous excreta can modify the virulence and reproductive capability of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi

Chelkha

Blanco-Pérez

Vicente-Díez

et al. 2021

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Protecting maize from rootworm damage with the combined application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Pseudomonas bacteria and entomopathogenic nematodes

Jaffuel

Imperiali

Shelby

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, the western corn rootworm (WCR), is the most destructive pest of maize in North America, and has recently spread across central Europe. Its subterranean larval stages are hard to reach with pesticides and it has evolved resistance to conventional management practices. The application of beneficial soil organisms is being considered as a sustainable and environmental friendly alternative. In a previous study, the combined application in wheat fields of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, entomopathogenic Pseudomonas bacteria, and entomopathogenic nematodes was found to promote growth and protection against a natural pest infestation, without negative cross effects. Because of the insect-killing capacity of the bacteria and nematodes, we hypothesized that the application of these organisms would have similar or even greater beneficial effects in WCR-infested maize fields. During three consecutive years (2015–2017), we conducted trials in Missouri (USA) in which we applied the three organisms, alone or in combinations, in plots that were artificially infested with WCR and in non-infested control plots. For two of the three trials, we found that in plots treated with entomopathogenic nematodes and/or entomopathogenic Pseudomonas bacteria, roots were less damaged than the roots of plants in control plots. During one year, WCR survival was significantly lower in plots treated with Pseudomonas than in control plots, and the surviving larvae that were recovered from these plots were lighter. The bacterial and nematodes treatments also enhanced yield, assessed as total grain weight, in one of the trials. The effects of the treatments varied considerable among the three years, but they were always positive for the plants.

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Methods for Studying the Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases and Pathogens

Cited by 5 publications

References 123 publications

Patterns of Occurrence and Activity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Algarve (Portugal) Using Different Isolation Methods

Patterns of Occurrence and Activity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Algarve (Portugal) Using Different Isolation Methods

Earthworms and their cutaneous excreta can modify the virulence and reproductive capability of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi

Protecting maize from rootworm damage with the combined application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Pseudomonas bacteria and entomopathogenic nematodes

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