Piperazines, a class of heterocyclic compounds, have garnered significant attention in the
field of organic synthesis due to their diverse pharmacological activities and widespread applications
in medicinal chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements
in the synthesis of piperazines, highlighting innovative methodologies, novel reagents, and green
synthesis approaches adopted by researchers. The synthesis of piperazines has witnessed remarkable
progress, with a focus on developing efficient and sustainable synthetic routes. Various strategies,
such as transition-metal-catalyzed reactions, microwave-assisted synthesis, photo-redox reactions,
and bio-inspired methods, have emerged as powerful tools for constructing piperazine scaffolds. The
review also encompasses discussions on the stereochemistry and regioselectivity issues associated
with piperazine synthesis, shedding light on the intricacies of achieving specific substitution patterns.
The impact of newly synthesized piperazines in drug discovery and development is also explored,
emphasizing the therapeutic potential of these compounds in various disease areas. In conclusion, this
review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the recent advancements in piperazine
synthesis, offering insights into the current state of the field and guiding future research directions.
The integration of innovative methodologies and the exploration of sustainable practices underscore
the ongoing efforts to streamline the synthesis of piperazines, contributing to the expansion of their
applications in medicinal chemistry and related disciplines.