Methods of the Analysis of Oxylipins in Biological Samples

Abstract

Oxylipins are derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids and due to their important and diverse functions in the body, they have become a popular subject of studies. The main challenge for researchers is their low stability and often very low concentration in samples. Therefore, in recent years there have been developments in the extraction and analysis methods of oxylipins. New approaches in extraction methods were described in our previous review. In turn, the old analysis methods have been replaced by new approaches based on mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC), and the best of these methods allow hundreds of oxylipins to be quantitatively identified. This review presents comparative and comprehensive information on the progress of various methods used by various authors to achieve the best results in the analysis of oxylipins in biological samples.

High Glucose Shifts the Oxylipin Profiles in the Astrocytes towards Pro-Inflammatory States

“…This was carried out for several reasons. Firstly, oxylipins bind with extracellular proteins [ 11 , 41 ], and these processes may influence oxylipin profiles and cellular responses [ 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Secondly, in our experimental protocol, HG as a stressor has a long-term application, therefore, we added a set of experiments with an acute stressor.…”

“…For example, the oxylipins of the n-6 group include both pro-inflammatory compounds and resolution substances, which are responsible for restoring the system after the pro-inflammatory stimulus has been applied [ 2 , 3 , 10 ]. The complexity of the oxylipin metabolism system has led to the development of mass spectrometric detection methods, making it possible to simultaneously measure several tens of oxylipins, derivatives of various PUFAs [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The measurement of oxylipin profiles reveals new steps in understanding the role of oxylipins in various pathologies.…”

Metabolomics meets lipidomics: Assessing the small molecule component of metabolism

“…Major improvements in TA B L E 1 Technological platforms used to resolve polar and lipid metabolite diversity. The most common and successful applications are described [31][32][33][34][35][36] Flow [37] Complex lipids: Glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids [38][39][40] Surface [41][42][43] Fatty acids Complex lipids: Glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids [44][45][46][47][48] Gas [49][50][51] Fatty acids, oxysterols, oxylipins, steroids, aldehydes [24,[52][53][54][55][56] Liquid [57][58][59][60][61] Fatty acids, oxysterols, oxylipins, steroids, acyl carnitines [56,[62][63][64] Complex lipids: Glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids [65,66] Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS) [67][68][69][70]…”

Recent progress in the LC–MS/MS analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers

“…To avoid artifacts, several reviews summarize the conventional and modern sample preparation techniques for the detection of specific OS biomarkers. In 2018, a review about the quantification of eicosanoids and their metabolites in biological matrices [81] and another review article about the detection of 8‐OHdG were written [82], while in 2019, a review about modern methods of sample preparation for the analysis of oxylipins in biological samples was published [83]. Even more recently, advancements in the analytical quantification of 3‐NT were reviewed as well [84].…”