Methods to Improve the Accuracy and Robustness of Satellite-Derived Bathymetry through Processing of Optically Deep Waters

Abstract

Selecting a representative optical deep-water area is crucial for accurate satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) based on semi-theoretical and semi-empirical models. This study proposed a deep-water area selection method where potential areas were identified by integrating remote sensing imagery with existing global bathymetric data. Specifically, the effects of sun glint correction for deep-water areas on SDB estimation were investigated. The results indicated that the computed SDB had significant instabilities when different optical deep-water areas without sun glint correction were used for model training. In comparison, when sun glint correction was applied, the SDB results from different deep-water areas had greater consistency. We generated bathymetric maps for the Langhua Reef in the South China Sea and Buck Island near the U.S. Virgin Islands using Sentinel-2 multispectral images and 70% of the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) bathymetry data. Additionally, 30% of the ICESat-2 bathymetry data and NOAA NGS Topo-bathy Lidar data served as the validation data to evaluate the qualities of the computed SDB, respectively. The results showed that the average quality of the SDB significantly improved with sun glint correction application by a magnitude of 0.60 m in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE) for two study areas. Moreover, an evaluation of the SDB data computed from different deep-water areas showed more consistent results, with RMSEs of approximately 0.4 and 1.4 m over the Langhua Reef and Buck Island, respectively. These values were consistently below 9% of the maximum depth. In addition, the effects of the optical image selection on SDB inversion were investigated, and the SDB calculated from the images over different time periods demonstrated similar results after applying sun glint correction. The results showed that this approach for optical deep-water area selection and correction could be used for improving the SDB, particularly in challenging scenarios, thereby enhancing the accuracy and robustness of SDB.

Editorial for Special Issue: “Monitoring Terrestrial Water Resource Using Multiple Satellite Sensors”

“…Thus, some researchers have attempted to conduct studies using aa fusion of ICESat-2 and satellite imagery to further produce a spatially continuous map. Jia et al [39] developed a method to obtain a bathymetry map by fusing ICESat-2-derived bathymetry water depth information and Sentinel-2-derived multispectral information via bathymetric empirical models, and achieved an accuracy of about 1m. Bernardis et al [40] also combined ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 data to map the bathymetry in the Sardinia and Venice Lagoon areas along the coastline, and found their results agreed well with the updated and reliable data from BathyDataBase of the Italian Hydrographic Institute.…”