Methyl donors potentiates growth, metabolic status and neurotransmitter enzyme in Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to endosulfan and temperature

Abstract

A 2-month preliminary study was conducted to delineate the effect of dietary methyl donors (choline, betaine, and lecithin) on the growth performance and metabolic status of Labeo rohita fingerlings subjected to endosulfan alone and in combination with elevated temperature. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets viz. basal diet, betaine-supplemented diet, choline-supplemented diet and lecithin-supplemented diet were prepared and fed to the different experimental groups throughout the experimental period as per the design. Two hundred and seventy fingerlings (average weight 7.95 ± 0.04 g) were randomly distributed in six treatment groups each having three replicates. The experimental groups were as follows: fish subjected to normal water (without endosulfan) and fed with control diet (control group T(0)), fish subjected to endosulfan-treated water and fed with control diet (T(1)), fish subjected to concurrent exposure of endosulfan and elevated temperature and fed with control diet (T(2)), fish subjected to endosulfan and elevated temperature and fed with choline-supplemented diet (T(3)), fish subjected to endosulfan and temperature and fed with betaine-supplemented feed (T(4)), and fish subjected to endosulfan and temperature and fed with lecithin-supplemented feed (T(5)). The result shows that in both the groups, that is, endosulfan exposed and concurrent exposure to endosulfan and elevated temperature group of L. rohita the growth performance like percentage weight gain, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rates were significantly different (P < 0.01) when fed with supplemented diet compared with control fed group. The liver LDH and MDH activity were significantly lower in lecithin, betaine, and choline fed groups. The muscle AST as well as G6PDH, AST, and ALT did not vary but liver ALT, gill and liver ATPase, intestine ALP, muscle and liver glycogen varied significantly with dietary supplementation. The liver and gill glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly lower in methyl donors-supplemented groups and brain AChE activity showed lower inhibition in supplemented groups in both endosulfan alone and concurrently exposed endosulfan and temperature groups. The result obtained in this study concludes that inclusion of methyl donors, particularly lecithin and betaine in feed as nutritional supplements have potential to improve growth and stress mitigating effect in L. rohita fingerlings.

Dietary lecithin potentiates thermal tolerance and cellular stress protection of milk fish (Chanos Chanos) reared under low dose endosulfan-induced stress

“…In the present study, it could be possible that the enhanced thermal tolerance of C. chanos fingerlings fed diet supplemented with 1, 1.5 and 2% lecithin might have resulted in the establishment of homeostasis with increased expression of some functional proteins like HSPs or cold shock proteins. Our previous investigations also (Kumar et al, 2011a(Kumar et al, , 2012(Kumar et al, , 2014a revealed improved values of total leukocytes, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme activity, hemoglobin, serum albumin, globulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenases (MDH), alanine transferees (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), acetylcholine esterases (AChE), anti-oxidative enzymes and other stress biomarkers (caspase, vitellogenin, cortisol and methyl transferase) in L. rohita fingerlings reared under endosulfan-stress and fed lecithin supplemented diets. It is therefore, likely that in the present study, enhanced thermal tolerance of C. chanos fingerlings may also be due to the stimulation of nonspecific defense mechanism by lecithin.…”

“…The mechanism of AChE inhibition during organochlorine (endosulfan) pesticide toxicity is worth exploring. Our previous study (Kumar et al, 2011b) found reduction in brain AChE activity in Oreochromis mossambicus when exposed to endosulfan for 96 h and also Kumar et al, 2012 reported that supplementation of lecithin in the diet of L. rohita resulted in higher AChE activity. To corroborate our finding Muthappa et al (2013) reported that exposure to endosulfan resulted in a significant reduction in AChE activity in L. rohita and supplementation of lecithin resulted in significantly higher AChE activity.…”

“…Hence, thermal stress studies have gained importance in comprehending the impact of global warming on animals including fish. In our previous studies (Kumar et al, 2011a(Kumar et al, , 2012(Kumar et al, , 2014a, we observed that dietary lecithine mitigates endosulfan-induce stress and modulates immunity in Labeo rohita fingerlings. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of supplementation of lecithin on the thermal tolerance of Milk fish, reared under low doses endosulfan-induced stress.…”

Dietary pyridoxine promotes growth and cellular metabolic plasticity of C hanos chanos fingerlings exposed to endosulfan induced stress

“…Decreased growth rate in fish due to endosulfan stress have been reported by many researchers (Gray & Ostby ; Sarma, Pal, Sahu, Ayyappan & Baruah ; Akhtar et al . ; Kumar, Jadhao, Chandan & Rana ; Kumar, Jadhao, Chandan, Akhlak & Rana ). This is in agreement with our findings where weight gain% and SGR significantly increased in pyridoxine supplemented diet group under endosulfan exposure.…”

“…A significant enhancement in the intestinal ALP activity in the group fed control diet and exposed to endosulfan group is in agreement with the findings of our earlier studies (Kumar et al . , ). The present results are also consistent with the results previously observed in Channa punctatus (Sharma ) exposed to endosulfan and Cyprinus carpio exposed to chlorinated contaminated water (Verma, Pal, Manush, Das, Dalvi & Chandrachoodan ).…”