Methylation changes in the apolipoprotein AI gene during embryonic development of the mouse.

Shemer, Ruth; Kafri, Tal; O'Connell, Anita; Eisenberg, Shlomo; Breslow, Jan L.; Razin, Aharon

doi:10.1073/pnas.88.24.11300

Cited by 57 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The present results demonstrate that the NOR distally located on the B2 chromosome of E. plorans is not methylated in 10-day-old embryos (irrespective of whether it has been transmitted via male or female), at a level detectable by chromosome in situ digestion with MspI/HpaII restriction endonucleases. This indicates that the B-NOR is demethylated during early embryonic stages prior to the tenth day of development, a fact that has been reported in mice by means of molecular techniques (Frank et al, 1991;Shemer et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

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Changes in DNA methylation during development in the B chromosome NOR of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans

1995

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Chromosomal patterns of DNA methylation were analysed by in situ digestion with restriction endonucleases in different stages of the life cycle in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans: 10-dayold embryos, last instar male nymphs and adults of both sexes. The results show that the nucleolus organizing region (NOR) located distally on the B chromosome is not methylated in embryos or in gastric caeca of adult males and females, but it is methylated in ovariole cells and spermatocytes in both last instar nymphs and adults. Demethylation of the B-NOR during early embryogenesis is proposed for the observed methylation pattern in embryos. Despite variation in methylation status through the life cycle, rRNA genes contained in the B-NOR were never observed to be active, which indicates that DNA methylation is not the direct cause of their inactivity. Other causes such as chromatin structure or repression by genes on A chromosomes are suggested.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…This has become apparent, for instance, from the usual correlation between expression and under-methylation (Chapman et a!., 1984;Ariel et a!., 1991) and from changes in methylation patterns during development (Frank et a!., 1991;Shemer et a!., 1991;Fronk et a!., 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in DNA methylation during development in the B chromosome NOR of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans

1995

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“…Methylation status is developmentally organized; in the apolipoprotein A-I gene, a CpG island within the gene becomes demethylated in the early embryo, remains unmethylated through the late blastocyte stage, becomes methylated at the non-CpG sites, and then gradually undergoes demethylation in a tissue-specific manner (44,45), postulating two different demethylation mechanisms: genome-wide nonspecific and sitespecific demethylation. Moreover, for the latter mechanism, active demethylation by demethylase-transcriptional factor complexes (46) and passive demethylation by the binding of transcriptional factors to replicating DNA (47) are thought to be involved.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional Regulation of Rat Cyclin D1 Gene by CpG Methylation Status in Promoter Region

Kitazawa

Maeda

1999

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Cyclin D1, a G 1 /S cell cycle-regulating oncogene, is known to be transcriptionally regulated by numerous growth factors. We cloned and characterized the rat cyclin D1 gene 5-flanking region and, by species-and subspecies-matched transient transfection studies, found that a basic promoter structure with a cAMP response element and two continuous Sp1-binding sites was crucial for the steady-state expression of the cyclin D1 gene. Furthermore, the methylation status especially around two continuous Sp1-binding sites was found to be an important epigenetical mechanism determining the steady-state expression level in rat leukemic cell lines K4D, K4DT, and K4D16. Whether or not epigenetic control of the cyclin D1 gene existed among normal rat tissues was further examined by high sensitivity mapping of the methylated cytosine. In normal rat tissues, the methylated cytosines at non-CpG loci within two continuous Sp1-binding sites were observed in uterine stromal cells of the basal layer and found to be demethylated in the functioning layer, possibly by a passive demethylation mechanism through cell division. Since in the passive demethylation process Sp1-binding sites remain methylated in a part of the cell population, methylated cytosines at Sp1-binding sites may be essential for keeping a number of the stromal cells in the basal layer live against estrogen-induced proliferation that leads to either apoptosis or compaction.Among cyclins, expression of the D types cyclins is the earliest event in G 1 phase that leads to cell division (1-3). Cyclin D1, first isolated from murine bone marrow macrophages as one of the early responsive genes after the stimulation of colony stimulating factor 1 (M-colony stimulating factor) (4), together with cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)-4 and -6, regulates the G 1 /S cell cycle through inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein by phosphorylation (1, 5-7). Besides colony stimulating factor-1, cyclin D1 is known to be transcriptionally up-regulated by numerous growth factors like the nerve growth factor in PC12 cells (8), estrogen, and gestergen in endometrial cells (9) and the epidermal growth factor in prostate cancer cells (10). To investigate the transcription regulating mechanism of cyclins, promoter structures of the cyclins have been studied (11-16). The basic promoter structure of the 5Ј-regulatory region of the cyclin D1 gene has been demonstrated as a TATA-less promoter with a CRE 1 and two continuous Sp1-binding sites through which most of the growth factors exert their cell proliferative stimuli (8,(11)(12)(13). Promoter structures of the cyclin D2 and D3 genes are also TATA-less with a number of Sp1-, AP1-, and AP2-binding sites (14), indicating that these three D-type cyclins share similar cell cycle-dependent regulating mechanisms with complex mutuality.On the other hand, aberrant methylation of CpG loci within 5Ј-regulatory regions play a principal role in the tissue-specific expression of genes by affecting the interactions of DNA with chromatin proteins and transcription...

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“…A 450 bp CpG.rich (24 CpG sites) fragment was derived from a plasmid eentainin8 the 3' CpG island of the mouse apoA! gene [11], and a 600 bp DNA fragment completely devoid of CpGs was derived from a plasmid containing the 5' portion or the ssdM gene [3].…”

Section: Dna Substrates Attd En'ymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode of action of the Spiroplasma CpG methylase M.SssI

Renbaum

Razin

1992

FEBS Letters

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The cytosine DNA methylase froln the wall-less prokaryote, Spi:oplasma strain MQI I M.S5sl) methylates completely and exclusively CpGcontaining sequences, thus showing sequence specificity which is fimilar to that of mammalian DNA methylases. M.Sssi is shown here to methylate duplex DNA proces~ively as judged by kinetic analysis of meth),lated intermediates. The cytosine DNA rnethylases, M.Hpall and M.Hhal, from other prokaryotic organisms, appear to methylate in a non.processiv¢ manner or with a very low degree of proce~ivity. The Spiroplctstna enzyme interacts with duplex DNA irrespective to the presence of CpG sequences in the substrate DNA. The enzyme proce~h along a CpG-c~ntainin[~ DNA substrate molecule rnethylating one strand of DNA at a time.Processive methylation; M.Sssl meth),lase; M.Hpali methylase; M.lthal rnethylase

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Methylation changes in the apolipoprotein AI gene during embryonic development of the mouse.

Abstract: We report here a detailed study of developmental changes in the methylation status of specific sites In a siije-opy tissue-specific gene, from the germ ceil thropg the early embryo to adult tissues.

Cited by 57 publications

References 17 publications

Changes in DNA methylation during development in the B chromosome NOR of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans

Changes in DNA methylation during development in the B chromosome NOR of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans

Transcriptional Regulation of Rat Cyclin D1 Gene by CpG Methylation Status in Promoter Region

Mode of action of the Spiroplasma CpG methylase M.SssI

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