First of all, the author would like to express his greatest gratitude to his supervisor, Assistant Professor Qian Shunzhi, not only for his invaluable supervision and advice but also for sharing his experiences, encouragement and motivation throughout the journey of his PhD program. The author owes his deepest gratitude to Dr Wei Li and Dr Ding Yuanzhao for their endless assistance and patience in guiding and helping the author on experimental design, chemical synthesis, microbiological related experiments, training for using equipment and report writing. The author would also like to extend his sincere gratitude to Nanyang Technological University for the NTU research scholarship. The author would like to thank all colleagues in his group (Weng Yiwei, Lu Bing, Liu Siyu, Dr Zhang Zhigang), Dr Martin Wijaya (CEE), Dr Ronny William (SPMS), and Dr Namyo Salim (CEE) for their comments and helpful discussion. The author also would like to thank all of PhD students in Prof Chen Yuan's group, Mr Cheng from CT Lab, Mr Phua from CT Lab, Ms Lim, Han Khiang from Environmental Lab and technicians that have not been mentioned for all the helps and friendship through these years. Finally, the author would like to express his utmost gratitude to his family who has given continuous moral support and encouragement to the author. Chapter 4. Graphene-based TiO 2 nanocomposites for enhanced visible light degradation of organic dye and antibacterial effect of Escherichia coli 53 4.