Methylenedioxyamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’) associated keratopathy

O’Neill, Damian; Dart, Jkg

doi:10.1038/eye.1993.188

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Although some of these complications were readily treatable, a number of them led to death, even with aggressive treatment in a medical setting, Serious, but treatable, complications ofMDMA use that have been reported include corneal erosions secondary to prolonged corneal exposure, [29] urinary retention due to the a-adrenergic properties of MDMA , [30] pneumomediastinum secondary to severe vomiting.U!' and severe chest pain secondary to intercostal muscle spasm,l32] Three cases of acute seizures have been reported in individuals who developed hyponatraemia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) following MDMA ingestion,l33,34] All 3 individuals recovered after receiving medical attention.…”

Section: General Medical Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Adverse Reactions with 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ???Ecstasy???)

1996

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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'ecstasy') is an increasingly popular recreational drug in the US, Western Europe and Australia. In animals, including nonhuman primates, MDMA is known to damage brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) neurons. It is not known whether MDMA damages serotonin neurons in the human brain but there is some indication that it may. Although the large majority of individuals who have used MDMA recreationally do not develop acute complications, as the popularity of MDMA has increased, so have reports of adverse nonpsychiatric and psychiatric consequences associated with use of the drug. Further, since manifestations of MDMA-induced serotonin injury might only become apparent with age, or under periods of stress, it is possible that some individuals with no apparent abnormalities might develop complications over time.

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Section: General Medical Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Adverse Reactions with 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ???Ecstasy???)

1996

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“…It was considered that abnormal exposure of the cornea to the air arising from lack of sleep was the likely cause [104].…”

Section: Other Acute Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three cases of ophthalmic complications subsequent to ecstasy ingestion were probably also attributable to the context of use, rather than any direct effects of ecstasy on the eye. It was considered that abnormal exposure of the cornea to the air arising from lack of sleep was the likely cause [104].…”

Section: Other Acute Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The health effects of ecstasy: a literature review

Gowing¹,

Henry-Edwards

Irvine

et al. 2002

Drug and Alcohol Review

137

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Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) is the third most used illicit drug, after cannabis and amphetamines. There has been considerable interest in the adverse effects of use, with particular attention given to a small number of deaths related to ecstasy use, and the neurotoxic effects of MDMA. This paper reviews case reports of adverse effects attributed to ecstasy use, and the findings of animal and human studies, so as to identify the health effects of ecstasy use, and factors contributing to their occurrence. The incidence of serious acute adverse events related to ecstasy is low. It is the unpredictability of those adverse events and the risk of mortality and substantial morbidity that makes the health consequences of ecstasy significant. Hyperthermia and hyponatraemia are the most significant acute adverse effects, and can occur even when MDMA is the only drug used. Ecstasy users should be aware of the importance of controlling body temperature and fluid intake, early signs of adverse effects, and the need to seek medical assistance promptly. Neurotoxicity is potentially the most significant long-term effect of ecstasy. The clinical implications of neurotoxicity are uncertain at this time, but short-term memory impairment may be significant.

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“…There are recurrent reports of corneal ulceration, often related to a smokeable ecstasy (ice) with a proposed mechanism similar to that of cocaine-related incidents. [91][92][93] Occasional cases of corneal erosions are reported, potentially linked to lagophthalmos from the depressant proprieties of the drug, similar to alcohol. 93 It is commonly reported that ecstasy may also result in hallucinations, mydriasis, poorly reactive pupils, and blurry vision.…”

Section: Ecstasymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[91][92][93] Occasional cases of corneal erosions are reported, potentially linked to lagophthalmos from the depressant proprieties of the drug, similar to alcohol. 93 It is commonly reported that ecstasy may also result in hallucinations, mydriasis, poorly reactive pupils, and blurry vision. 88,[94][95][96][97] A proposed pathway involves increasing the release of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine) and inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin.…”

Section: Ecstasymentioning

confidence: 99%

Drugs of abuse and ocular effects

Proulx

Tousignant

2021

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Illicit drugs and substances of abuse are increasingly used by adults and teenagers, with novel substances constantly becoming available. Many substances can cause ocular effects or visually threatening conditions. Current literature informing eye-care practitioners on these effects is scant. The present scoping review reports the ocular effects of most commonly used drugs and substances of abuse in the teenage and adult populations of North America. Ovid MEDLINE and Ovid EMBASE databases were searched for publications from 1980 to 2019 regarding ocular effects of drug use. The selected papers regarded human subjects, in either teenage or adult population and included all types of studies, including case reports. Publications in English or in French were included. Exclusion criteria were publications about the use of prescriptions drugs, drug withdrawal, and publications about the use of alcohol, tobacco, or cannabis. Some 241 papers were retained and analysed. The use of various drugs and substances can lead to damage to structures throughout the eye, including but not limited to corneal conditions, glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, maculopathies and endophthalmitis. The data presented in this review may help guide clinicians in their diagnosis and treatment of certain ocular conditions, which could otherwise not be linked to drug use.

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Methylenedioxyamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’) associated keratopathy

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Adverse Reactions with 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ???Ecstasy???)

Adverse Reactions with 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ???Ecstasy???)

The health effects of ecstasy: a literature review

Drugs of abuse and ocular effects

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