Metoclopramide-induced movement disorders. Clinical findings with a review of the literature

Effects of D2 dopamine receptor antagonists on fos protein expression in the striatal complex and entorhinal cortex of the nonhuman primate

“…Treatment of patients with metoclopramide leads to a very high incidence (and severity) of EPS, including tardive dyskinesia (Ganzini et al, 1991(Ganzini et al, , 1993Miller and Jankovic, 1989). The high incidence and severity of EPS that accompanies metoclopramide treatment is seen at doses at least 40-fold lower than those that have been suggested to have antipsychotic effects (Makra et al, 1975;Stanley et al, 1980); there are no double-blind trials indicating that metoclopramide possesses antipsychotic efficacy.…”

“…These two D2 antagonists differ in their pharmacological profile and in their clinical actions: haloperidol is an effective antipsychotic drug that produces EPS, whereas metoclopramide potently produces EPS but has not been shown in double-blind studies to possess antipsychotic efficacy (Ganzini et al, 1991;Makra et al, 1975;Miller and Jankovic, 1989;Stanley et al, 1980;see Deutch, 1996).…”

Prefrontal cortical dopamine systems and the elaboration of functional corticostriatal circuits: implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease

“…Finally, we examined the effects of acute administration of metoclopramide, a substituted benzamide that is an antagonist at D2 and H-HT 3 receptors. Metoclopramide treatment is marked by a high incidence of EPS and tardive dyskinesia (Ganzini et al, 1991;Miller and Jankovic, 1989). Metoclopramide, while having parkinsonian side effect liability, may be antipsychotic at very high (at least ten fold higher than required to elicit EPS) doses (Makra etal., 1975;Stanley etal., 1980); to date there have been no controlled double-blind trials of the antipsychotic properties of metoclopramide.…”

Results of short- and long-term medical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

“…Metoclopramide (e.g., Paspertin, Solvay, Germany; Gastrosil, Heumann, Germany) has been shown to be only poorly efficient (adding no significant benefit over cimetidine alone [19,34]), and documented incidences of side effects such as fatigue, restlessness, tremor, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia range from 20 to 50% [21].…”