Metrological characterization of 3D imaging systems: progress report on standards developments

Abstract

Abstract. A significant issue for companies or organizations integrating non-contact three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems into their production pipeline is deciding in which technology to invest. Quality non-contact 3D imaging systems typically involve a significant investment when considering the cost of equipment, training, software, and maintenance contracts over the functional lifetime of a given system or systems notwithstanding the requirements of the global nature of manufacturing activities. Numerous methods have been published to "help" users navigate the many products and specifications claims about "quality". Moreover, the "best" system for one application may not be ideally suited for another application. The lack of publically-available characterization methods from trusted sources for certain areas of 3D imaging make it difficult for a typical user to select a system based on information written on a specification sheet alone. An internationally-recognized standard is a vehicle that allows better communication between users and manufacturers. It is in this context that we present a progress report on standards developments to date in the diverse, but finite, world of non-contact 3D imaging systems from the nanometre to the 100 m range.

Verification of micro-scale photogrammetry for smooth three-dimensional object measurement

“…The only existing specification standard for photogrammetry is VDI/VDE 2634 part 3 [13]. VDI/ VDE 2634 part 3 has already been applied to larger scale photogrammetry systems, typically involving standard artefacts consisting of targets to act as points of correspondence [14][15][16]. When applying VDI/VDE 2634 part 3 to smaller scales with sub-millimetre features, the use of target detection methods becomes problematic.…”

“…VDI/VDE 2634 part 3 is the specification standard available for the verification and acceptance of a photogrammetry system [16]. VDI/VDE 2634 part 3 defines multiple ways of verifying the measurement uncertainty of an object measured with a certain instrument, but for the most part this can be broken down into three main quality parameters: probing form error, probing size error and sphere spacing error [13].…”

Performance Evaluation of MEMS-Based Automotive LiDAR Sensor and Its Simulation Model as per ASTM E3125-17 Standard

“…Several methods are described in the literature to characterize the performance of LiDAR sensors [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. However, no established uniform test standard is currently available for the operational performance assessment of the real and virtual automotive LiDAR sensors.…”

Metrological Characterization of Optical 3d Coordinate Measurement Systems – Comparison of Alternative Hardware Designs as Per Iso 10360

“…Moreover, the need for the implementation of a software for executing the Optical 3D Metrology (O3DM) characterization was expressed by Innovative Security Solutions s.r.l., a producer of industrial 3D scanners for robotic bin-picking. A systematic literature review was conducted, obtaining an overview of the scientific production in the O3DM field (Beraldin et al, 2015;Carfagni et al, 2017;Giancola et al, 2018;Hodgson et al, 2017;Luhmann & Wendt, 2000;Servi et al, 2008Servi et al, , 2021. The focus was then also set on the identification of technical standards used to perform an objective metrological characterization of O3DCMS (ISO, 2021; VDI/VDE, 2012).…”

“…Moreover, a list of the most commonly used artifacts was gathered (Acko et al, 2012;Eiríksson et al, 2016;Guidi, 2013;Hess et al, 2014;McCarthy et al, 2011;Mendricky & Sobotka, 2020), see Figure 1. In general, O3DCMS can be classified in three categories (Beraldin et al, 2015;Faugeras, 1993;Giancola et al, 2018;Huang & Zhang, 2006;Luhmann, 2010) depending on their working distance, namely nano/micro, close, and mid-to-long ranges. In the field of industrial engineering, the majority of these devices operate in the close range, i.e., from 10 mm to 2 m. Past and currently active standards (ISO, 2021; ISO/IEC, 2012; VDI/VDE, 2008, 2012) specify the quantitative parameters to be measured for expressing the metrological performances of O3DCMS.…”