Mexiletine-sensitive membrane electrode for medical application

Katsu, Takashi; Mori, Yutaka; Furuno, Katsushi; Gomita, Yutaka

doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00260-x

Cited by 11 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…For analytical control, most of the pharmacopoeias describe accurate methods but most of them are lengthy and difficult [Stefan et al, 1996]. The development and application of such electrodes continues to be of interest in pharmaceutical research in the past several decades because these sensors offer the advantage of simple operation, good selectivity, low cost, low detection limit, wide linear concentration range, fast response, good accuracy, applicability to colour, turbid solutions and possible interfacing with automated and computerized system [Takisawa et al, 1988;Watanabe et al, 1995;Fu et al, 1996;Stefan et al, 1996;Katsu et al, 1999;Aboul-Enein and Sun, 2000;Alizadeh and Mehdipour, 2002;Shahrokhian et al, 2002;Khalil et al, 2003]. In Figures 2.12a and 2.12b, the cocaine [Watanabe et al, 1995] and ketamine [Alizadeh and Mehdipour, 2002] Some problems encountered with the membranes are the need for extensive pre-conditioning treatment before use, care in storage, ionic strength of the solution sensitivity to some hydrophobic counter-ions and relatively short life-span [Takisawa et al, 1988;Alizadeh and Mehdipour, 2002].…”

Section: Drug Selective Membrane Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the different kinds of amines, primary amines generally show the least tendency to form such ion-associates leading to poor response [Katsu et al, 1999].…”

Section: Drug Selective Membrane Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In conjunctions with the study of surfactant electrodes and drug electrodes, many of the problems encountered are slowly being resolved by using modified PVC having ionic end groups as ion exchange sites and by adding a plasticizer. The former inhibits the dissolution of the ion exchanger and the latter yields membrane, which have a longer life-span [Alizadeh and Medhipour, 2002] [Watanabe et al, 1995;Katsu et al, 1999;Alizadeh and Mehdipour, 2002].…”

Section: Drug Selective Membrane Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, there are few clinical applications of drug sensitive electrodes (DSE) being published [Katsu et al, 1999] and the application of such electrodes has been limited to the determination of specific drug contained in a tablet [Bouklouze et al, 1992;Aboul-Enein and Sun, 2000] or dissolution test measuring the rate of dissolution of drug under defined conditions [Stefan et al, 1996] or as a sensor for determining the amount of drugs in body fluids [Katsu et al, 1999] or determining the drug binding to proteins or cyclodextrins [Takisawa et al, 1988;Alizadeh and Mehdipour, 2002].…”

Section: Drug Selective Membrane Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the selectivity coefficient for organic substances like cationic drugs is in the range of 10 -1 . The interference by lipophilic amines is a characteristic of an ion selective electrode prepared with an ion exchanger [Katsu et al, 1999]. Although the effectiveness of the drug selective electrode will be greatly hampered by these both cationic drugs but these drugs are never associated with PrHy and IMI in pharmaceutical formulations and are usually not present in normal biological fluids.…”

Section: A Graph Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drug release using pH-responsive drug delivery system

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The colloid phenomenon of soft particles is becoming an important area of research due to the growing interest in using polymeric systems for drug delivery applications. The former studies have focused on techniques that required the intermediate steps of dialysis or centrifugation, whereas, in this study, a drug selective electrode (DSE) was used to directly measure the concentration of procaine (PrHy) or imipramine (IMI) hydrochloride released from pH-responsive colloidal particles, thereby eliminating the intermediate step. The PrHy and IMI selective membrane exhibited excellent reproducibility and stability. With a single drug delivery system (methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate (MAA-EA) nanogel), release of two different drugs loaded by distinctly different interactions was demonstrated. PrHy was found to be hydrophobically bounded, while IMI was bounded electrostatically to the MAA-EA nanogels, which were further enhanced by hydrogen bonding. The different kinds of interactions produced different release kinetic profiles. Mathematical fitting of the release kinetic profiles to the Berens and Hopfenberg model allowed the quantification of parameters that describe the contributions of chain relaxation and diffusion process. A balance between chain relaxation and Fickian diffusion process controls the release of drugs from these pH-responsive nanogels. The coated nanogels with encapsulated drugs were successfully prepared by layer by layer (LBL) assembly approach. The initial burst release behavior observed in the nanoparticles was minimized and eliminated by the introduction of several PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com vii polyelectrolyte layers. Through this LBL approach, the permeability of nanogels was altered and with each additional polyelectrolyte layer, the time to achieve the steady state drug concentration increased linearly with the number of polyelectrolyte layer. LBL coating of responsive nanogels provided an elegant solution that may be suitable for designing nanoparticles for drug delivery applications, where the high initial burst release and short therapeutic time range can be adequately managed. pH-responsive nanogels with varying glass transition temperature (T g) were synthesized via emulsion polymerization for elucidating the effect of swelling on the drug release. With a higher chain rigidity (high T g), the swelling ability of the nanogels was reduced, which would have a significant effect on the release of PrHy. With a lower swelling capacity (higher T g), the porosity of the nanogels was minimized resulting in a slower release of the drugs from the nanogels. The DSE was proven to be a versatile and simple technique to quantify the release kinetic profiles of the cross-linked nanogel system.

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Section: Drug Selective Membrane Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the different kinds of amines, primary amines generally show the least tendency to form such ion-associates leading to poor response [Katsu et al, 1999].…”

Section: Drug Selective Membrane Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Drug Selective Membrane Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Drug Selective Membrane Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Graph Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drug release using pH-responsive drug delivery system

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Ion‐Selective Electrodes: Fundamentals

Young

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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This article begins with an introduction to ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs). The classification protocol based on the most recent International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommendations is given. The historical development of ISEs is summarized, starting with the pH electrode. For the inorganic cations and anions, a periodic table “time‐line” is given. Recent history has seen the rise of polymer membrane ISEs, which are important in clinical analysis. The historical section concludes with a brief look at these ISEs. The general theory of the potential generation process is explained, and then aspects of the potential generation process that are specific for the different classes of ISEs. A short review of the instrumentation needed to make the measurements is given, followed by an overview of the latest commercially available instrumentation. One aspect of ISE research is the development of selective probes for determining the analyte content of individual cells. This requires miniaturization, and this has been achieved by the development of microelectrode ISEs. An overview of this area is given. Finally, some recent developments that represent the directions of research in the ISE field are given. Included are the development of sensors for patient monitoring, the development of ISE sensor arrays, and the development of more sophisticated electronic and mathematical methods of data analysis.

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S,S,S-Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorotrithioate as an effective solvent mediator for a mexiletine-sensitive membrane electrode

et al. 2007

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S,S,S-tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorotrithioate proved to be an effective solvent mediator for constructing a mexiletine-sensitive membrane electrode in combination with an ion-exchanger, sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(2-methoxyhexafluoro-2-propyl)phenyl]borate. Among a series of phosphorus compounds containing phosphoryl (P=O) groups, this solvent mediator showed the highest sensitivity to mexiletine in phosphate-buffered physiological saline containing 0.15 mol L-1 NaCl and 0.01 mol L-1 NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4 (pH 7.4), giving a detection limit of 2x10(-6) mol L-1 with a slope of 58.8 mV decade-1. This is the best reported detection limit of any mexiletine-sensitive electrode developed to date. Owing to its high selectivity toward inorganic cations, the electrode was used to determine the level of mexiletine in saliva, the monitoring of which is quite effective for controlling the dose of this drug noninvasively. The mexiletine concentrations determined with the mexiletine-sensitive electrode compared favorably with those determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.

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Mexiletine-sensitive membrane electrode for medical application

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Drug release using pH-responsive drug delivery system

Drug release using pH-responsive drug delivery system

Ion‐Selective Electrodes: Fundamentals

S,S,S-Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorotrithioate as an effective solvent mediator for a mexiletine-sensitive membrane electrode

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