MgO-C Refractories: A Detailed Review of These Irreplaceable Refractories in Steelmaking

Diffusion of Lanthanum/Cerium/Manganese in Rare‐Earth Heavy Rail Steel at the Refractory Interface

“…Refractories mainly include acidic refractories (siliceous refractories), alkaline refractories (containing a considerable amount of MgO and CaO), and neutral refractories (carbonaceous refractory). [ 14–16 ] Combining the macro‐ and microresults in Figure 2 and 3, it is found that when the weakly acidic refractories (Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 refractory and Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 –SiO 2 coating refractory) come into contact with molten steel, the reaction is strong, and REEs easily enter the refractories. When the weak alkaline refractories (Al 2 O 3 –MgO refractory and Al 2 O 3 –MgO–SiO 2 coating refractory) come into contact with molten steel, the reaction observed is highly violent, however less violent than the weakly acidic refractories.…”

“…Refractories mainly include acidic refractories (siliceous refractories), alkaline refractories (containing a considerable amount of MgO and CaO), and neutral refractories (carbonaceous refractory). [14][15][16] Combining the macro-and microresults in Figure 2 and 3, it is found that when the weakly acidic refractories (Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 refractory and Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -SiO 2 coating refractory) come into contact with molten steel, the reaction is strong, and REEs easily enter the refractory. In addition, combined with the physical properties of refractories obtained from Wuxi Krosaki Sujia Refractories Co., Ltd. provided in Table 1, the porosity and element diffusion relationship of refractories is compared, and it is found that the decrease in the diffusion rate corresponds to the porosity.…”

A pragmatical physics-based model for predicting ladle lifetime

“…Several studies have been published dealing with properties of refractory bricks (Mahato, Pratihar, and Behera, 2014;Wang, Glaser, and Sichen, 2015), advising on improvements to produce high-quality bricks. A more general review of MgO-C refractories was given by Kundu and Sarkar (2021). The corrosion-erosion mechanisms have been studied in a few papers (Kasimagwa, Brabie, and Jönsson, 2014;Jansson, 2008;Mattila, Vatanen, and Harkki, 2002;Huang et al, 2013;LMM Group, 2020;Zhu et al, 2018).…”

Eco-friendly design of complex refractory aggregates as alternatives to the magnesia-chromite ones

“…Used in a plethora of applications, steels are one of the most prominent material classes and are essential to sustain the production chain of many other products [2,3]. Regardless of the route applied to produce this metal, particular emphasis must be given to the refractory lining materials, which are responsible for withstanding this complex operation that requires using distinct containers [4][5][6]. Although the refractory lining of these vessels is exposed to different requirements, it must usually withstand high temperatures (up to 1700 ºC) under various physicochemical and thermomechanical solicitations [4][5][6].…”

“…Regardless of the route applied to produce this metal, particular emphasis must be given to the refractory lining materials, which are responsible for withstanding this complex operation that requires using distinct containers [4][5][6]. Although the refractory lining of these vessels is exposed to different requirements, it must usually withstand high temperatures (up to 1700 ºC) under various physicochemical and thermomechanical solicitations [4][5][6]. Thus, the proper and optimized selection of the refractory material can generate benefits for steel quality associated with the increased efficiency of its production, resulting in lower costs and less environmental impact [4,7].…”