MHC Class Ii and Icam-1 Expression and Lymphocyte Subsets in Transbronchial Biopsies From Lung Transplant Recipients1

Enteroviruses are very common and cause infections with a diverse array of clinical features. Enteroviruses are most frequently considered by practising pathologists in cases of aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis and disseminated infections in neonates and infants. Congenital infections have been reported and transplacental transmission is thought to occur. Although skin biopsies during hand, foot and mouth disease are infrequently obtained, characteristic dermatopathological findings can be seen. Enteroviruses have been implicated in lower respiratory tract infections. This review highlights histopathological features of enterovirus infection and discusses diagnostic modalities for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues and their associated pitfalls. Immunohistochemistry can detect enterovirus antigen within cells of affected tissues; however, assays can be non-specific and detect other viruses. Molecular methods are increasingly relied upon but, due to the high frequency of asymptomatic enteroviral infections, clinical-pathological correlation is needed to determine significance. Of note, diagnostic assays on central nervous system or cardiac tissues from immunocompetent patients with prolonged disease courses are most often negative. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular studies performed on clinical specimens also provide insight into enteroviral tissue tropism and pathogenesis.

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Tissue tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of enterovirus infection

Muehlenbachs

Bhatnagar

Zaki

2014

The Journal of Pathology

159

121

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Lymphocytic inflammation in childhood bronchiolitis obliterans

Mauad

Schadewijk

Schrumpf

et al. 2004

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Childhood bronchiolitis obliterans (CBO) is an infrequent, severe disorder characterized by persistent obstructive respiratory symptoms after an acute episode of bronchiolitis. The viral etiology is most common, and adenovirus is the most frequently identified causative agent. Pathologically, the disease is characterized as constrictive type BO, with variable degrees of chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the bronchioles. The nature of the cellular infiltrate is largely unknown, and its characterization may provide better understanding of the disease and offer clues for therapy. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize the inflammatory infiltrate in the bronchioles of 23 open lung biopsies of children with CBO and to compare this to the infiltrate in histologically normal airways. Our results show that CD3+ T cells were the most frequent cell type observed in CBO, with a predominance of the CD8+ T-cell subtype. When compared to the control group, there was a larger number of CD8+, CD4+, CD20+, granzyme B+, and perforin+ lymphocytes in the CBO group. Further studies are needed to address the role of different cell types in the development of CBO.

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Transplantation Pathology

Zander¹

2008

Dail and Hammar’s Pulmonary Pathology

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MHC Class Ii and Icam-1 Expression and Lymphocyte Subsets in Transbronchial Biopsies From Lung Transplant Recipients1

Cited by 48 publications

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Tissue tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of enterovirus infection

Tissue tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of enterovirus infection

Lymphocytic inflammation in childhood bronchiolitis obliterans

Transplantation Pathology

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