Micellar Effects on Hypochlorite Catalyzed Decontamination of Toxic Phosphorus Esters

Cationic ester-containing gemini surfactants: Chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation

“…The kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of an ester-containing surfactant is well understood [12,13,[36][37][38][39] and can be written as…”

The α‐effect in micelles: Nucleophilic substitution reaction of p‐nitrophenyl acetate with N‐phenylbenzohydroxamate ion

“…Cationic micelles bring reactants closer by hydrophobically binding of substrate and coulombically attracting the negatively charged nucleophile. The typical rate maxima for micellar-assisted bimolecular reactions of many toxic phosphates and phosphonates have been observed by Moss et al [16] and Dubey et al [13]. The binding of the nucleophile to the micelle also influences the observed reactivity.…”

“…Nucleophilic-aided hydrolysis is the most preferred reaction to detoxify eco-toxic esters [16][17][18][19]. Recently it has been reported that the reactivity of these nucleophiles increased in the presence of surfactants [12,13]. Fountain et al [20] studied methyl transfers from S-methyldibenzothiophenium fluoroborate to substituted N -methylbenzohydroxamates.…”

Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents

“…Freeze-dried nerve agenthydrolysing enzyme preparations have been shown to be effective in decontaminating gaseous nerve agents 8 . In previous years, a large number of research studies have been published on this subject [9][10][11][12][13] and one of the most promising carrier systems for active decontaminants is microemulsions [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] . Aqueous foam, a broad spectrum formulation 21 with enhanced physical stability has already been developed.…”